Abstracts of 42. Australian Nutrition Society Annual Scientific Meeting, QT Hotel, Canberra, Australien, 27–30. November 2018 (2023)

1.1. Factors influencing eating habits in emerging adulthood

M. Allman-Farinelli

As adolescents reach adulthood, they experience physical, emotional, social, and intellectual changes that affect their food intake. Generally speaking, emerging adulthood is between the ages of 18 and 25. During this phase, young adults develop greater autonomy and identity as they leave school, enter university, a career, and possibly leave home. Among adults, the youngest have the worst nutrition. Emerging adults have high-energy diets characterized by low consumption of fruits and vegetables and increased consumption of optional foods and beverages high in sodium and added sugars. Not surprisingly, these young men gain the most BMI units and young women between 18 and 29 years the most BMI units each year (0.2 and 0.15 kg/m²). Young adults in the bottom half eat a higher energy density diet compared to those in the top half of the population because of their socioeconomic advantage. A low level of education generally indicates a poorer quality diet. Adolescent adults may be more vulnerable to the obese food environment, and as they eat more foods prepared outside the home and are price conscious, they are pushed to consume cheap fast food.

1.2. Feeding our microbes for gut health and beyond

D. Belobrajdic

The role of diet and other environmental factors in modulating the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota and the consequent impact on the development of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers is increasingly recognized. Dietary fiber, in particular, is an important dietary component that promotes gut health because microbes, primarily found in the colon, can ferment carbohydrates and produce short-chain fatty acids that contribute to the integrity and proper functioning of the gut and systemically regulate various metabolic processes. However, these effects are highly dependent on the type of dietary fiber ingested. As we gain a better understanding of how specific fibers can affect gut and metabolic health, many populations in developed countries are struggling to achieve the fiber intake recommended for proper gut function. To counteract this, our research has focused on developing new varieties of whole grains such as wheat, barley and rice that contain improved levels of certain dietary fibers to help populations increase their dietary fiber intake to levels that support gut health. and promotes metabolic health.

1.3. future and food security

w bryden

The massive increase in human population is leading to a cascade of ecological, economic, political and cultural changes that have far-reaching implications for the provision of adequate global food supplies. In the future, increased agricultural productivity must come from a reduced land area and resource base. Another “Green Revolution” is needed, but today's revolution must be different. It is no longer possible or responsible to use unlimited amounts of water and chemicals to increase production. In order to achieve new science-based, low-resource food production systems, agricultural research and development needs to increase significantly. Education will also be important as consumer attitudes will determine the eventual acceptance of new technologies and the adoption of different dietary patterns. We must reinvent our diets to meet our nutritional needs for optimal health while consuming fewer calories and less meat. Maintaining a viable food supply also requires paying farmers realistic prices and reducing waste throughout the food supply chain. Part of the solution to feeding the planet is for nutrition, public health, agriculture and the food industry to work together to solve interconnected problems. Future well-being depends on a sustainable food system that continues to provide optimal health with minimal environmental impact. Visionary public policies, both national and international, must be an important tool for the sustainable development of our food systems.

1.4. Climate change, borders and global food supply: What role does nutrition science play?

C-Butler

Elites, from Henry Kissinger in 1974 to the drafters of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, have made extravagant and broken promises to significantly reduce hunger. Today, it is estimated that more than 800 million people suffer from macronutrient malnutrition, five recognized famines, and billions more suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Hundreds of millions of people are obese. Global food inequality reflects many other forms of inequality. Neoliberal and other ideologies contribute: Many powerful people benefit from inequality and act together to reduce understanding of its causes and remedies. In parallel, little progress has been made in reducing anthropogenic climate change. Climate change and other environmental restrictions are already making nutrition worse, perhaps for billions. Climate change will further reduce micronutrient concentrations in food, exacerbate heat waves, droughts, fires and floods, and inundate fertile coastal areas. The development of mankind is threatened with a catastrophe, perhaps even a "fortress world", from which Australians will not be immune. Food science cannot change global macropolitics, but its practitioners can better integrate, appreciate and advocate for the importance of environmental factors. For example, reducing consumption of animal products and highly processed foods will mitigate climate change, use less fossil fuels, and improve human health. Such strategies provoke resistance; However, the current course is not sustainable.

1.5. Nutritional Strategies for Healthy Aging

D. Cameron-Smith

The increasing life expectancy and falling birth rates after the baby boom generation are rapidly distorting the population structure, so that the proportion of people over 65 is increasing dramatically. Aging brings with it many complex health challenges, and nutrition has a profound impact on the risk and severity of many forms of ill health and disease. Despite significant functional losses in all tissues and organs, it remains a widespread myth that digestion somehow remains largely unaffected. This remains despite the known increase in the prevalence of overt gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and micronutrient deficiencies, particularly for micronutrients that require complex coordinated GI function. Beyond basic micronutrients, even less is known about the downstream impact this has on the metabolic pathway that relies on micronutrients as substrates or cofactors. Further complexities are significant changes in total nutrient intake, including altered meal composition and eating habits, supported in part by altered satiety, appetite, and hedonic cues. Therefore, the specific nutritional needs of an aging population remain largely unknown and fundamental knowledge about changes in nutritional needs that occur during the aging process is lacking.

1.6. Diet strategies to improve heat stress in cattle

J. Cotrel

Heat stress is a common problem during seasonal heat waves, where growth and reproductive capacity are impaired. As future factors such as climate action and increased participation in tropical agriculture feed into the issue of animal husbandry in warmer climates, this issue will continue to gain in importance. The use of nutrition as a management strategy against heat stress is not a new concept. However, advances in understanding the biology of heat stress in cattle have created new opportunities for the development of breeding strategies. Many cattle species lack an active sweat response to heat and instead rely on other means such as sweating. B. redistribution of blood from the visceral organs to the skin and increased panting. In this heat stress state, the lack of blood flow to the intestinal tract can compromise barrier function, leading to bacterial translocation, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. Excessive panting can also cause acid-base imbalances. Recently, supplementation with compounds such as antioxidants, betaine, chromium and phytochemicals has been shown or is being tested to be effective in mitigating certain effects of heat stress in pigs and promises to be an important adjunct to existing management strategies.

1.7. The future of health research funding in Australia

A. Kelso

Australian health and medical research has entered a new era of opportunity with the launch of the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) and Biomedical Translation Fund and funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). While NHMRC remains the largest player, increasing MRFF spending will significantly increase the overall budget available for publicly funded health and medical research. The NHMRC and MRFF have different funding models, with the former primarily supporting peer-reviewed, investigator-initiated research on all health topics and the latter focusing on priority-driven research conducted through a combination of competitive and specific mechanisms. At the same time, NHMRC is undertaking a major reform of its grant program to address issues that have plagued Australia's healthcare and medical research sectors in recent years. This changing research funding landscape offers new opportunities for researchers in human nutrition and related fields that support the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

1.8. The science and politics of generating, synthesizing and translating nutritional evidence

m.Lorenz

Diet-related risk factors are the main contributors to the burden of disease in Australia. Nutrition science provides research theories, principles, procedures, and methods for generating, synthesizing, and translating evidence to inform dietary guidelines and policy activities to address these dietary risk factors. However, the nutritional information does not come by itself or speak for itself. Their generation, synthesis and translation are influenced by human involvement. Politics inevitably shapes the research questions that are (or are not) asked and funded and by whom, how methods are constructed and used to assess body safety resulting from dietary evidence, and what worldviews then prevail in the literature, formulation of dietary guidelines, and political activities among the variety of options available dealing with nutrients, food, diets and food systems. Novel approaches are proposed to illuminate and manage the interactions between nutrition science and policy. Approaches to combat bias in evidence generation are gaining ground. An innovative approach, based on theory and a logical model, is described to strategically inform evidence synthesis and translation for nutrition policy guidelines and activities. These approaches aim to strengthen decision-making processes to use evidence for more effective and safer nutritional policies and activities.

1.9. The gut microbiome and bone health

L McCabe

It is clear that gut microbial dysbiosis, barrier degradation and inflammation can promote bone loss. In fact, many bone loss diseases also have an impairment in gut function (such as menopause, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes). The gut-bone signaling axis not only represents a signal for bone loss, but could also serve as a new therapeutic target to prevent osteoporosis. We have identified links between gut and bone health and can manipulate the gut environment in a number of ways, including using antibiotics to reduce the microbiome and using probiotics to improve the microbiome. The latter results in a clear benefit for both the gut and the bones. Our studies have focused on the probiotic Lactobacilli reuteri, which has anti-TNF properties. Our data shows that this probiotic can affect bone indirectly and directly through pathways unique to these bacteria. The effects of the probiotic in different disease models, a general model and future directions are discussed.

1.10. The ecology of nutrition and dysbiosis: drawing a direct line between personal health and planetary health

S.Prescott

Nutrition is arguably the most important determinant of the development and future health of all organ systems and is therefore an important factor for each individual to realize their potential through resilience, quality of life and ultimately life expectancy. The microbiome revolution has shown us that everything is interconnected: the ecology of our food, our personal biomes, our health, our societies, and the health and biodiversity of the wider environment, drawing a direct line between personal and planetary health is pulled. On a personal level, dietary patterns are key to determining the profile and function of the gut microbiome, and are known to have a critical impact on immune and metabolic functions that determine health throughout life. Undesirable changes in Western diets are among the most important factors in the rapidly increasing global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which exacerbate inflammation through multiple pathways, including "dysbiotic" changes in gut microbiomes. At the planetary scale, dietary patterns and food choices add up, perpetuating macroscopic dysbiosis through significant environmental impacts, with clear evidence of differential land-use impacts, CO₂Production, waste, macro-scale biodiversity loss, water use and particulate matter pollution. At a time of growing environmental crises of all magnitudes, it is imperative to find integrated ecological solutions that provide sustainable nutritional advice for optimal human nutrition combined with long-term issues of food security, environmental, social and economic implications of human well-being for the future. . We have the resources and technology to do this, now we must apply the vision and shared purpose needed to make it happen. Our future depends on it.

1.11. Weight control throughout life

I redman

With the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, understanding effective approaches to weight management has become a critical issue for basic, clinical, and translational research. Although today's technology boom is thought to be contributing to an obese environment, it is also being used to intervene and improve health and healthy behavior. Modern technologies such as smartphones and companion Bluetooth-enabled devices allow for remote delivery of personalized treatment recommendations to individuals, increased self-monitoring/monitoring of health-related data, wider dissemination and faster health information/recommendations, and more information between patients and dieticians. / medical contact. The use of technology in weight management programs results in better long-term weight management and, in most cases, greater profitability. We are leaders in the development and implementation of smartphone-based weight management programs. The basis of our approach is mathematical models that predict weight loss (or weight gain) for a given individual and the use of empirical data such as body weight and activity data collected from wireless scales and activity trackers to provide feedback and adjust the intensity of the intervention. Our efficacy studies on weight loss and healthy management of weight gain in pregnant women promise widespread adoption in major healthcare systems.

1.12. Micronutrients and depression

A. Ruusunen

Depression is the leading cause of disability and identifying new targets for prevention and management is imperative. A large body of evidence supports associations between diet quality and depression. However, the role of micronutrients remains unclear. In particular, low folate intake and lower blood concentrations of vitamin D are associated with an increased risk of depression. Micronutrient deficiencies such as folic acid and zinc can predispose to depression. This presentation will discuss the evidence base for these micronutrients, as well as folic acid, magnesium and multivitamin supplementation. Possible mechanisms (neurotransmitters, inflammation, HPA axis function, oxidative stress, neuroplasticity and gut microbiota) are also discussed. Preliminary experimental evidence suggests some benefits of micronutrient supplementation in both population and clinical samples. Methylfolate and vitamin D supplements, in particular, can promote clinical improvements. However, evidence based on double-blind randomized controlled trials remains limited. Micronutrients may play a particular role in preventing and treating depression, but at the population level, the benefits of the holistic approach to nutrition outweigh the benefits of individual micronutrients. These results underscore the fact that improving diet quality is important for mental health and leads to increased micronutrient intake. However, micronutrient supplements can play a role in treating deficiencies in certain nutrients.

1.13. Association between the Mediterranean dietary pattern and musculoskeletal health in children, adolescents and adults

A. Walch

The Mediterranean diet may protect skeletal muscle and bone health and therefore protect against sarcopenia, osteoporosis and the risk of fractures. The high cost of these diseases in the aging Western population means that prevention is important. The Mediterranean diet includes eating more fruits and vegetables, olive oil, nuts, legumes and fish; lower amounts of meat and dairy products; and moderate amounts of alcohol. The benefits of the Mediterranean diet are mediated through macronutrients and micronutrients, vitamins and minerals provided by foods within this guideline. Our previous systematic review examined the relevance of the Mediterranean diet to musculoskeletal health in people of all ages (Craig J et al., 2017) and found only two studies linking hip fracture incidence to DM and one to sarcopenia. An additional 15 studies in our evidence card did not meet the criteria of our systematic review. Although DM is considered a constant type of eating behavior, nutrient and food composition varies widely due to the variety of definitions and types of food consumed in different regions of the world. In my presentation, the Mediterranean diet will be discussed and associated with health and musculoskeletal outcomes.

1.14. Chronic effects of dietary polyphenols on health markers

Williamson

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease are global problems, but the risks of developing these conditions may be reduced by eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Plant-based foods contain natural compounds called polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids), and according to epidemiological and intervention studies, a diet rich in polyphenols reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The effects of polyphenols on biomarkers of health are predominantly observed chronically with regular intake and involve the modulation of postprandial metabolism. Experiments in human cells in vitro have revealed mechanisms of action, complemented by studies in healthy and vulnerable human volunteers using specific biomarkers. It is now clear that the beneficial effects occur at specific cellular targets and are not due to a direct "antioxidant" chemical action. The molecular pathways of absorption and metabolism of the most common dietary polyphenols are well known and involve the action of both endogenous enzymes and the gut microbiota, and their bioavailability is directly related to bioefficacy and action on health biomarkers. The presentation will discuss how dietary polyphenols modulate type 2 diabetes biomarkers and cardiovascular disease risk, and how these effects are influenced by bioavailability and gut microbiota.

2.1. The relationship between color and the antioxidant and phytochemical properties of some commercially available Australian honeys

m. hunter^1,2, N. D'Cunha^1,2, BY georgousopoulou^1,2,3, D. Mellor^1,2,4and N. Naumovski^1,2

Honey is the supersaturated sugar solution made from the pollen and nectar of plants, the composition and appearance of which are largely influenced by the surrounding flower sources and their geographic origin. Honey has a number of potential health benefits suggested based on its composition. This study examined a selection of commercially available Australian honeys and the possible links between color and relatively unexplored phytochemical composition, including antioxidant properties. Commercial Australian honey samples (Norte= 42) were classified by "label front" descriptions and analyzed for color intensity (spectrophotometric method; ABS₄₅₀; mAU); secondary content: total phenol content (TPC; Folin-Ciocalteu; Gallic Acid Equiv. (GAE)); Total flavonoids (TFC; AlCl₃; equiv. of catechin (EC)); and antioxidant properties (DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP; Trolox Equiv. (TE)). The Manuka Honey category had a higher color intensity (darker) than any other category (allPage<0.05); with the exception of the category “organic honey” (Page= 0.171). Color intensity positively correlated with each phytochemical – TPC (Page< 0,001) y TFC (Page< 0.001) – and individual antioxidant properties (allPage<0.05). The results of this study show that more intensely colored (darker) honey contained higher concentrations of phytochemicals. In summary, color is a potential surrogate measure for quantifying antioxidants and phytochemicals in commercial Australian honey.

2.2. Strawberries: An underrated dietary source of folate

M. Netzel¹, N. Weber^1,2, C. Dumler^1,2, L. Striegel², A fan¹, H. Trieu¹, M. Rychlik^1,2and T. O'Hare¹

Folate is considered a critical vitamin in many countries, and folate deficiency has been linked to neural tube defects in newborns. Strawberries are considered by many consumers to be a tasty and healthy fruit and, depending on the variety and growing environment, can potentially be an important dietary source of naturally occurring folates. Therefore, a wide range of different strawberry varieties and breeding lines were examined for their folate content and profile. 35 strawberry cultivars and experimental breeding lines grown in Australia were tested for folic acid using a stable isotope dilution assay. The total folate content was between 70 and 164 μg/100 g fresh weight and thus significantly above the NUTTAB database value (39 μg/100 g fresh weight). In addition, it was found that the folate concentration in the outer tissue of the strawberry was 1.5 to 1.7 times higher than in the inner tissue of the fruit. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the biologically active form, was the main vitamin. With these high levels of folate, a single serving (144g) of Australian-grown strawberries would provide up to 59% of FSANZ's Recommended Daily Allowance (RDI) for folate. Additionally, differences between the outer and inner tissues could indicate that longer, flatter strawberries have a greater potential for folate accumulation than more spherical fruits.

23. Biofortified sweetcorn: a promising dietary source of zeaxanthin in age-related macular degeneration

ME. network¹, T. Zeilmann^1,2, KJ-Fan³, M. Rychlik^1,2und T. J. O’Hare¹

Sweetcorn is a natural source of zeaxanthin, one of two dietary carotenoids that accumulate in the macula and have been linked to slowing the development of age-related macular degeneration. The aim of the present study was to compare the concentration and bioavailability of zeaxanthin in a bioenriched sweetcorn (HZ23-1) and a commercial sweetcorn (Garrison). Zeaxanthin content and bioavailability were determined in microwaved HZ23-1 and Garrison sweet corn kernels using HPLC and a static in vitro digestion model, respectively. HZ23-1 had a 5-fold higher zeaxanthin concentration than Garrison (11.8 vs. 2.4 mg/kg bw) but was less bioavailable (29% vs. 63%). Despite an apparently lower bioavailability, the absolute release of zeaxanthin was significant (Page<0.05) higher than that released by Garrison (3.4 vs. 1.5 mg/kg FW). Although bioenriched HZ23-1 sweetcorn yielded 2.3-fold more zeaxanthin released from the matrix than standard Garrison sweetcorn, the reduction in relative bioavailability was unexpected. It is possible that mechanisms within the core endosperm that allow for increased zeaxanthin accumulation also interfere with zeaxanthin release from the endosperm matrix. The mechanism of zeaxanthin storage in the endosperm needs to be further investigated to further improve the bioavailability of zeaxanthin from biofortified sweetcorn.

2.4. Differential effects of medium and long chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: systematic review and meta-analysis

N. Panth¹, K. Abbott¹, C. Take¹, KJ. crying²and M Garg¹

Saturated fatty acids of different chain lengths can have different effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins, likely due to their different digestive, absorption, and metabolic pathways. This review investigated whether medium-chain (MCFA) and long-chain saturated fatty acid (LCSFA) intake had a differential impact on blood lipids. Five databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane and Scopus) were searched and contained clinical trials examining the effect of MCFA and LCSFA on blood lipid profile. The studies were pooled for the meta-analysis. The main summary measure was the mean difference between groups, calculated using the random effects model. Eleven crossover studies and one parallel study were identified in totalNorte= 299 participants (weighted mean ± SD age: 38 ± 3 years; body mass index (BMI): 24 ± 2 kg/m²). MCFAs were associated with significantly higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (mean difference: 0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15) and apolipoprotein A-I levels (apo A-I ) (mean difference: 0.08 g/l) associated ; 95% CI: 0.02; 0.14) compared to LCSFA, with no change in total cholesterol. The results show a differential effect of MCFA and LCSFA on HDL-C levels. Therefore, dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat to reduce CVD risk should be limited to LCSFA-rich foods.

2.5. Association between dietary intake of plant nitrate and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in a cohort of elderly AUSTRALIANS

AH. Liu¹, C. P. Bondonno², J. Russell³, V. M. Flood^4,5, JR Lewis², K. D. Small farm¹, R. J. Lumberjack⁶, W. H. Lim^1,7, A. Kifley⁴, G.Wong^4,8, P. Mitchell⁴, JM Hodgson²and L. C. Blekkenhorst²

Short-term trials show that inorganic nitrate and nitrate-rich vegetables have vascular health benefits. However, few studies have examined the relationship between nitrate intake and long-term consequences of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our aim was to investigate the association between plant nitrate intake and cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of elderly Australians. Participants without diabetes or significant cardiovascular disease at baseline (1992-1994) were enrolled in the Blue Mountains Eye Study, a population-based cohort study of males and females ≥ 49 years of age. Food intake was assessed at baseline, at 5 years, and at 10 years of follow-up. Plant nitrate intake was estimated from a comprehensive plant nitrate database. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to study the association between plant nitrate intake and cardiovascular mortality. During the 14-year follow-up, 188/2229 (8.4%) participants died from CVD. In the adjusted multivariate analysis, participants in quartile 2 (69.5-99.6 mg/d; HR: 0.53 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.82)], quartile 3 [99.7-137, 8 mg/d, HR: 0.51 (95% CI: 0.32. , 0.80)) and quartile 4 (>137.8 mg/day, HR: 0.63 (95% CI) : 0 .41, 0.95)) of plant nitrate intake had a lower risk of CVD mortality compared to participants in the 1st quartile (< 69.5 mg/day) . In older Australian men and women, plant nitrate intake was inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality, independent of lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors.

2.6. Dietary intake of flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses in Australian adolescents in the Raine study

Kent¹, K.Charlton^2,3and W Oddy⁴

Dietary flavonoids have been linked to protection against cardiovascular disease. Flavonoid intake during adolescence has been associated with lower serum lipid levels in adulthood. However, more research is needed on flavonoid intake in Australian adolescents. This study aimed to determine the intake of flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses and their main dietary sources in Australian adolescents. Adolescents (14 years;Norte=1632; 51% males) completed a food frequency questionnaire as part of the Western Australia (Raine) Pregnancy Cohort Study. Food (Norte= 212) was assigned a content for six flavonoid subclasses summed for total flavonoid intake using the Phenol Explorer database. Mean daily intakes and sources of flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses were determined and gender differences were examined. Total flavonoid intake (mean ± SD) was 208.4 ± 134.5 mg/day, with an apparent significant difference between sexes (one-way ANOVA: F(1,1630) = 1.7,Page=0.038; Men: 201 ± 129 mg/day; women: 215 ± 139 mg/day). Subclass intakes ranged from isoflavones (0.5 ± 1.4 mg/day), flavones (4.5 ± 4.8 mg/day), anthocyanins (21.5 ± 25 mg/day), flavonols (22, 5 ± 16.35 mg/day), flavan-3-ols (57.6 ± 51.1 mg/day) and flavanones (101.6 ± 97.7 mg/day). Fruit juice (42.7%) and tea (8.5%) were the main sources of flavonoids. Total fruits and vegetables contributed 30% and 7%, respectively. This study provides the first focused assessment of flavonoid intake in Australian adolescents and provides a basis for assessing the relationship between flavonoid intake and cardiovascular risk factors.

2.7. Almond-enriched diets associated with lowering triglycerides and systolic blood pressure in middle-aged and elderly adults

AM. coats¹, S.Morgillo¹, C. Yandell¹, A. Scholey², J. Buckley¹und A. Colina³

Nut consumption has been linked to a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. This study evaluated the effect of adding almonds or high-carb snacks to the usual diet for 12 weeks on biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health. Participant (Norte=151; overweight/obese, 50-80 years) were randomized to replace 15% of energy intake with almonds (almond) or isocaloric snacks (control). Body weight, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. One hundred and twenty-eight participants (78F:50M,Norte= 63 Mandel,Norte= 65 controls) completed the intervention (M ± SD: age 64 ± 8 years, BMI 30.3 ± 3.6 kg/m², Taking stable medication: 32% PA and 19% lipid-lowering drugs). Almond intake significantly reduced triglycerides (M ± SEM, almond: 1.30 ± 0.062 mmol/L to 1.16 ± 0.062 mmol/L vs. control: 1.13 ± 0.061 mmol/L to 1.17 ± 0.061 mmol/L,Page= 0.005). A trend towards a greater reduction in systolic blood pressure in the tonsil group (tonsils: 132.6 ± 1.8 mmHg to 128.5 ± vs. control: 132.4 ± 1.8 mmHg to 131.8 ± 1.8 mmHg,Page= 0.054) became significant after removing participants taking BP medication (Page= 0.035). There were no significant changes for other cardiometabolic biomarkers. Including almonds in the diet has the potential to improve aspects of cardiometabolic health.

2.8. Oat beta-glucan enhances the lipid-lowering effects of phytosterols in people with hypercholesterolemia

J.J.A. Ferguson¹, E. Stojanovski², L. MacDonald-Wicks³and M.L. gargle¹

Dietary phytosterols (PS) and oat beta-glucan (OBG) are known to lower blood cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with a novel food (sweet biscuits) fortified with PS (2 g/day) and/or OBG (3 g/day) on blood lipids over six weeks . A randomized, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial-controlled intervention study was conducted in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Primary endpoints included total fasting cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and TC/HDL-C ratio (TC:HDL-C). Significant reductions from TC to PS (Page< 0,05), Gracias (Page< 0.05) and PS-OBG (Page< 0,0001), LDL-Cholesterin in PS (Page< 0,05), Gracias (Page< 0.01) and PS-OBG (Page<0.001), TC:HDL-C to OBG (Page< 0.05) and PS-OBG (Page< 0.01) were observed after the intervention. Triglycerides were significantly reduced only in the PS-OBG group (Page<0.05). There was also a significant difference in the mean change in TC and LDL cholesterol between the groups (Page<0.05). Plasma HDL cholesterol was unchanged in all groups. These findings support the complementarity between PS and OBG in lowering cholesterol, and combining the two in a single food appears to promote triglyceride reduction. The implications of these findings support the development of functional foods containing high molecular weight PS and OBG to enhance lipid lowering and improve heart health benefits.

2.9. Association between changes in dietary intake and lipid-lowering therapy: a prospective analysis of data from the Australian Study of Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab)

BIN. Gadowski¹, N. Nanayakkara¹, D. Magliano², J. Shaw², A. Curtis¹, S. Zoungas¹, S. Heredero¹and A.Owen¹

Lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) to reduce cardiovascular risk should be accompanied by nutritional and lifestyle advice. This study examines associations between dietary changes in key food groups (according to the Australian Dietary Guidelines) and LLT use. Data from 6037 adult participants in the Australian Study of Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle were analyzed. The change in food group (vegetables, fruits, grains, proteins and dairy) intake from baseline (1999-2000) to follow-up (2004-2005) was analyzed. The association between changes in dietary intake and LLT use at baseline was assessed using quantile regression adjusted for known risk factors. The mean age (± SD) was 51 ± 14 years (55% women). At baseline, 904 (8%) used LLT. Among non-users, 46%, 54%, 6%, 75%, and 8% adhered to the vegetable, fruit, grain, protein, and dairy guidelines, respectively, compared with 51%, 59%, 11%, 77%, and 8% for LLT users. In adjusted analyses, the mean change in milk consumption was smaller among consumers than among non-consumers (Page<0.03). For other food groups, there were no differences between users and non-users. LLT participants did not differ in recommended intake from non-users. Because users are at increased cardiovascular risk, specific strategies are needed to optimize dietary intake for individuals requiring LLT to enhance cardiovascular risk reduction.

2.10. Effect of adding milk to black tea on vascular function in healthy men and women

JM Hodgson¹, H. Koch², K. D. Small farm², VON Ahmad³y NC-Bezirk³

There are ongoing concerns that the practice of adding milk to tea may mitigate the known benefits of tea consumption on vascular function. Our aim was to investigate the effect of regular consumption of black tea with and without milk on vascular function and blood pressure in healthy volunteers. A randomized controlled crossover study was conducted in 17 healthy volunteers (7 males and 10 females; mean age 22.4 ± 3.0 years). Participants received each of the following treatments in random order, 3 cups/day of (i) hot water, (ii) black tea, and (iii) black tea with milk, for four weeks. Black tea increased brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) compared to hot water (1.00 ± 0.18%,Page<0.0001). Black tea with milk decreased FMD compared to hot water (−0.64 ± 0.19%,Page= 0.001) and black tea (−1.64 ± 0.19%,Page<0.0001). Compared to hot water, black tea did not change blood pressure, while black tea with milk increased systolic blood pressure (1.1 ± 0.5 mmHg,Page= 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (2.0 ± 0.5 mmHg,Page<0.0001). Our results suggest that adding milk to black tea alters the short-term effects of regular tea consumption on vascular function and blood pressure in healthy young men and women.

2.11. Is dietary nitrate associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease-related complications in middle-aged Australian women?

j. Jackson¹, A. Patterson¹, L. MacDonald-Wicks¹, P.Forder^1,2, L. Blekkenhorst³, C. Bondonno³, J. Hodgson³, N. Ward⁴, J. Byles^1,2, C. Title^1,2, C. Oldmeadow^1,2and M. McEvoy^1,2

Vegetables account for 80 to 90% of total dietary nitrate intake. There is evidence that dietary nitrate as a nitric oxide donor may help explain the cardiovascular benefits of vegetables. Our aim was to prospectively investigate the association between dietary nitrate intake and the incidence of self-reported cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related complications in a population-based cohort of middle-aged Australian women (Cohort 1946-51 from the Australian Longitudinal Study on). women's health). Women who were disease-free at baseline and had complete data on the diet frequency questionnaire were included. Generalized estimation equations were used to estimate odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Of the 5,324 women included in the analysis, 1,616 women reported at least one cardiovascular complication during the 16-year follow-up. When comparing the highest quartile for total nitrate intake (>78 mg/day) to the lowest (<45 mg/day), the fully adjusted OR was 0.94 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.04;Page= 0.29). When comparing the highest quartile of plant nitrate (> 65 mg/day) to the lowest (< 35 mg/day), the fully adjusted OR was 0.92 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.00;Page= 0.11). In a cohort of middle-aged Australian women, there was a weak and nonsignificant inverse association between nitrate intake and self-reported cardiovascular complications.

2.12. Will Australians maintain a Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) after the study is completed? 1-year follow-up of the MedLey study

KJ Murphy¹, K. A. Pintor², BJ Hyde², Curriculum Vitae Davis², JM Hodgson^3,4and RJ Lumberjack⁵

The MedLey study showed that participants were able to maintain high adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) for six months. The MedDiet resulted in better markers of cardiometabolic health compared to the usual (control) diet. We have now followed the participants for a further 12 months to assess adherence to the MedDiet, blood pressure (BP), BMI and triglycerides. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire and a 15-point MedDiet Adherence Score (MDAS; higher score = higher adherence) was calculated. Blood pressure at home was measured for six days, BMI was determined, and plasma triglycerides were measured. Data were analyzed using LMEM by treatment intention with a group x time interaction period, comparing data at baseline and 4 and 18 months (12 months post-study). At 18 months, the MedDiet group had an MDAS of 7.9 ± 0.3, which was lower than the 4-month score (9.6 ± 0.2Page< 0.0001) but higher than baseline (6.7 ± 0.2Page<0.0001). The MDAS in the HabDiet group remained unchanged over the 18-month period (Page<0.0001). Blood pressure, BMI and triglycerides did not differ significantly from baseline. This data shows that some MedDiet principles could still be adhered to one year after the end of the MedLey study. However, improvements in cardiometabolic health markers were not sustained, suggesting that increased dietary support may be beneficial in maintaining high adherence to therapy.

2.13. The effects of dietary polyphenols on iron status and CVD risk markers: a systematic review.

H. Speer^1,2, S. Cottin³, M. Botek^2,4, D. Sergio⁵, A. McKeune^2,6,7, E. Georgousopoulou^2,6,8, D.D. Better^2,6,9and N. Naumovski^2,3,6

Polyphenol supplementation may mitigate the potential adverse effects of a Western diet on cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. While polyphenols have cardioprotective properties, they have been shown to reduce iron absorption, which may increase CVD risk. Our aim was therefore to elucidate the relationship between polyphenol intake, CVD risk markers and iron status. Five electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) were searched according to the 2015 PRISMA guidelines. Only randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human studies examining the effects of polyphenol supplementation on inflammatory markers and iron status. Three studies that met the inclusion criteria involved 280 participants who received between 0.27 and 761 mg/100 g of polyphenols from a variety of foods (olive oil, cranberry juice, and cherries). Overall, a significant positive effect was reported (Page< 0.05) on lipid profile, inflammatory markers and antioxidant status. The main findings include an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Page= 0.018), accompanied by a decrease in C-reactive protein (Page= 0.027) and interleukin-6 (Page= 0.037). No studies reported changes in hemoglobin levels (Page> 0.05). In conclusion, despite the potential therapeutic benefit of polyphenol supplementation, larger, well-controlled clinical trials are needed to investigate the role of polyphenols and iron status in the development of CVD.

2.14. Impaired Fasting Glucose Versus Impaired 120-Minute Glucose Levels in Prediabetes: Differences in Weight Loss Maintenance: A Preliminary Substudy

R. Muirhead¹, T. Kyhala², S. Brodie¹, F. Atkinson¹, M. Fogelholm², A. Raben³y J. Brand-Miller¹

The intervention study PREVIEW (www.previewstudy.com) is a randomized controlled trial comparing two diets and two exercise strategies in approximately 2500 overweight and obese people with prediabetes. After eight weeks of weight loss on a reduced-calorie diet (LCD, Cambridge Weight Plan), participants who lost 8% or more were eligible to enter the ~3-year weight maintenance phase. We hypothesized that the difference in the pathophysiology of isolated impaired fasting glucose (iIFG) versus isolated impaired glucose tolerance (iIGT) would affect weight loss and the rate of weight gain. In the Sydney cohort at baseline (Norte= 121), 36% had iIFG (Norte= 44) and 31% (Norte= 38) had iIGT. There were no differences in percent weight loss after eight weeks of LCD (iIFG 11.7 ± 2.2% vs. iIGT 11.6 ± 1.9%). However, at six months, the iIGT participants had regained significantly more body fat (% of baseline body weight) than those with iIFG, and the difference remained significant at 12 months (−3.1 ± 0.57 vs. −4.9 ± 0.65% from the initial value,Page= 0.007). The results suggest that people with IGT have intrinsic traits that promote faster weight gain compared to people with IFG. To the best of our knowledge, this is a novel finding with implications for personalized nutritional interventions.

2.15. Midlife carbohydrate restriction is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in Australian women with and without gestational diabetes: a cohort study.

j. Rayner¹, E. Gresham², L Ross¹, A.Hodge³and D. Schoenaker⁴

Low-carb diets are becoming increasingly popular, but they can be nutritionally inadequate. Our aim was to investigate whether midlife carbohydrate restriction is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk and whether this association differs according to previous gestational diabetes (GDM) diagnosis. Food intake of 9689 women from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health in 2001 (50-55 years) and 2013 (62-67 years) was assessed using validated Food Frequency Questionnaires. Average long-term carbohydrate restriction was assessed using a low-carbohydrate diet score (highest quartile (Q4) indicates lowest proportion of carbohydrate energy). Log-binomial regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs. Between 2001 and 2016, 959 women (9.9%) developed DM2. Carbohydrate restriction was associated with T2DM after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors (Q4 vs. Q1: RR 1.27 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.48)), but this was attenuated when adjusted for BMI (1.10 (0.95; 1.27)). Carbohydrate restriction was associated with lower consumption of fruits, grains, and high-fiber breads, and low intake of these food groups was associated with an increased risk of DM2. The associations did not differ according to the history of the GDM. Carbohydrate restriction (with low intake of fruit and grain products) was significantly associated with the incidence of T2DM in middle-aged women, regardless of GDM history.

2.16. Developing an innovative model of diabetes care: a new PhD partnership between INSPIRO Community Health and La Trobe University

E. Kennedy¹, G. Smith², B. Gordon¹und A. Forsyth¹

The Yarra Ranges community in Victoria, Australia faces a high risk of diabetes, compounded by distance and lack of access to services. Local community healthcare provider INSPIRO is collaborating with La Trobe University on an innovative industry PhD model to develop, implement and evaluate an innovative community-based model of care for people with diabetes in the Yarra Ranges. A community-based participatory research approach is used to inform the new model of care. This includes consultations with key stakeholders, a scoping review of existing models of care, and a community forum with consumers and other key stakeholders. The proposed model of care will use a cycle of action approach with early implementation of the proposed model. Ongoing stakeholder engagement and feedback will inform changes to the care model. This poster will highlight the role of an innovative partnership between industry and science in improving the health of people in the Yarra Ranges.

2.17. Effects of macronutrient manipulation on postprandial metabolic responses in men at risk for cardiovascular disease during simulated shift work

MP Bonham¹, E. Kaias¹, G.K.W. Leung¹, R.Davis¹, N. Eichel², C. Murgia¹und C. E. Huggins¹

Eating at night is associated with an increased postprandial triglyceride response, decreased glucose tolerance, and decreased insulin sensitivity. This may be related to the higher risk of metabolic diseases seen in night shift workers. Our aim was to study the postprandial metabolic responses to two isocaloric meals with different macronutrient compositions during the night. In a randomized crossover study, 16 men at risk for cardiovascular disease (overweight/obesity, elevated fasting triglycerides (>1.7 mmol/L)) were given two isocaloric meals (2.7 MJ ): a “healthy” and a “healthy” meal. processed foods that differed primarily in total fat, saturated fat, and total sugar content. Postprandial blood samples were collected for glucose, insulin (3 h) and triglycerides (6 h) and analyzed as incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Postprandial glucose (Page= 0.04) and insulin iAUC (Page= 0.02) were significantly higher after eating the processed meal compared to the healthy meal. The iAUC of postmeal triglycerides was not statistically different between the two types of meals (Page= 0.72). Our results add to the growing literature on the effects of meal timing and evening meal choices on metabolic health. Stresses the need to consider the role and impact of nighttime eating when developing strategies to prevent metabolic diseases for shift workers.

2.18. Resistant starch protects against diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting complement activation in a mouse model of diabetes.

M. Snelson, SM Tan, D. Deliyantí, J.L. Wilkinson-Berka und M.T. Coughlan

Complement activation occurs in diabetic nephropathy, with the downstream complement component C5a activating the innate immune system and contributing to inflammation. Resistant starch (RS) may be nephroprotective, however the effects of RS on complement activation and the innate immune system have not been studied. Six-week-old non-diabetic mice (dbh), diabetic mice (dbdb), and dbdb mice were maintained on a diet of normal chow supplemented with 25% RS (dbdbRS) for ten weeks. 24 hour urine was collected to measure albumin and C5a by ELISA. The kidneys were digested and enriched for leukocytes using a Percoll gradient and flow cytometry was performed. Diabetes was associated with an increase in albuminuria (28.0 ± 6.5 vs. 411.3 ± 275.8 µg/24 h,Page< 0.001, dbh vs. dbdb), which was reduced in RS-supplemented diabetic mice (411.3 ± 275.8 vs. 125.6 ± 37.3 µg/24 h,Page< 0.01, dbdb vs. dbdbRS). The urinary excretion of C5a was increased by diabetes (92.6 ± 17.6 vs. 1324.0 ± 429.7 pg/24 h,Page< 0.001, dbh vs. dbdb) and reduced by RS (1324.0 ± 429.7 vs. 577.7 ± 123.1 pg/24 h,Page< 0.05, dbdb vs. dbdbRS) and infiltrating renal macrophages were more likely to be C5aR positive in diabetes (4.8 ± 3.9 vs. 54.0 ± 27.8%,Page< 0.001, dbh vs. dbdb), which was reduced by RS supplementation (54.0 ± 27.8 vs. 11.7 ± 4.2%,Page< 0.01, dbdb vs. dbdbRS). These studies support the idea that RS protects against kidney disease through complement inhibition.

2.19. Metabolic effects of type 2 resistant starch: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Snelson, M, Jong, Jong, Manolas, D, Kok, S, Louise, A, Stern, R, and Kellow, NJ

Published evidence examining the effects of dietary resistant starch (RS) on cardiometabolic health is conflicting. This review examines the effect of RS type 2 (RS2) supplementation on body weight, satiety indices, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, insulin resistance, and lipid levels in healthy and overweight/obese, metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2 ). We searched five electronic databases of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between 1982 and 2017. Studies were eligible if they reported RCTs in humans in which ≥ 1 group received ≥ 10 g RS2 per day for ≥ 1 week and measured body weight, satiety, glucose, and/or lipid metabolism outcomes. Twenty RCTs with 569 participants were included. RS2 supplementation significantly reduced serum triacylglycerol concentrations (MD = -0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.18, -0.04,Page= 0.002) in healthy subjects (Norte= 227) and reduced body weight (MD = −1.29 kg; 95% CI: −2.40, −0.17,Page= 0.02) in people with DM2 (Norte= 90), but had no effect on appetite, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, or HDL-cholesterol in any subgroup of patients. Most studies had a moderate to high risk of bias, were short in duration, and contained small sample sizes. Long-term, high-quality studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of RS2 supplementation for the dietary management of metabolic diseases.

2.20. Development and validation of a new prediction tool (InsuTAG_2.0) for type 2 diabetes in the general population: AusDiab cohort study

RN thota¹, K. Abbott¹, D. Magliano², A. Owen³and M Garg¹

We have previously shown that InsuTAG, a fasting insulin and triglyceride product, predicts insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. In this study, our aim was to develop an InsuTAG-based tool to predict type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the general population. InsuTAG_2.0was derived using fasting insulin and baseline triglyceride-β ratios for subjects who developed T2D in the AusDiab study. Multiple logistic regression and receiver-operator characteristic curves were used to assess the T2D predictive ability of the reference InsuTAG, InsuTAG_2.0and HOMA GO. fromNorte= 5244 participants,Norte= 175 developed T2D by five years and moreNorte= 165 for 12 years, giving a totalNorte= 340 (6.5%) develop T2D. After taking into account established risk factors, the InsuTAG base value increases by one unit_2.0was associated with a doubling of the risk of diabetes at 12 years (OR [95% CI]: 2.04 [1.73; 2.40]) and the addition of InsuTAG_2.0for known risk factors improved ability to predict T2D at five and 12 years (R²-Change: 0.033,Page<0.001). Optimum switch-off point (Insutag_2.0≥ 1.67) for InsuTAG_2.0showed the highest sensitivity for the identification of T2D compared to other parameters (InsuTAG and HOMA-IR) (5 years: 66.29%; 12 years: 62.94%). InsuTAG_2.0is a potential long-term sensitive predictor of T2D that could complement short-term predictors such as the AUSDRISK tool.

2.21. Influence of time and temperature on the storage stability of anthocyanins in queen garnet plum nectar

MC Singh, W. Price und Y. Probst

Anthocyanins are pigments found in fruits and vegetables that support biological activities to improve health and prevent disease. In this context, the stability of anthocyanins in Queen Garnet Plum (QGP) nectar was evaluated. The QGP (Prunus salicina) —Hybrid Japanese Plum— was processed into nectar and stored at -20 °C. The analyzes were performed on mixed nectar batches at storage temperatures of -20 °C, 4 °C and 25 °C over a period of eight days. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists' pH differential methods for the total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices were used to determine the anthocyanin composition at each temperature over time. The initial concentration was 40.30 mg/l anthocyanins and was reduced to 20.38 mg/l at -20 °C and to 6.86 mg/l at 4 °C. A decrease of 49.43% and 82.98% was observed upon storage at -20°C and 4°C, respectively, and complete degradation of anthocyanins was observed at 25°C. This study showed an increase in anthocyanin degradation with increasing temperature and improved storage stability at -20°C. The rate of decline almost doubled from -20°C to 25°C. Reasons predicted include oxidation, larger container headspace, storage container shape, time, or heterogeneity of nectar samples leading to a decline. Different storage temperatures can vary the rate of degradation.

2.22. From Garden to Plate - Skills-based gardening and nutrition project for adults

N. Ingram, V. Bobongie und F. Foulkes-Taylor

Garden to Plate was developed in 2014 due to low vegetable consumption of 6% among adults, as identified in the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey. This initiative aims to equip people with the knowledge, skills and confidence to grow their own vegetables. In partnership with local government, Garden to Plate is a series of 10 monthly workshops covering a variety of gardening topics and also includes practical nutritional tips to improve vegetable consumption. Garden to Plate (G2P) provides adult education in a social, informal and educational setting and seeks to increase participants' knowledge and confidence in growing food. Participants will learn the skills and knowledge to grow and prepare fruit, vegetables and herbs and this can improve their access to an affordable, sustainable source of fresh produce. Held in community gardens, this unique and comprehensive program is suitable for people of all abilities, ages and backgrounds. Since its inception, more than 1,100 visitors have been registered at 108 workshops. The 2016 survey found that 88% of G2P participants significantly improved their gardening skills and confidence, 95% of participants ate more fruit and 100% ate more vegetables in the past six months. The results of the 2018 survey will be available for the NSA conference in November.

2.23. Australian examples of specific food security strategies over the past 30 years

B. Wood, L. Barbour und R. Lindberg

The Australian Right to Food Coalition (RtFC) exists to improve the mental and physical health and well-being of all Australians by working to ensure equal access to nutritious food (www.righttofood.org.au). This bibliography contains specific retrospective examples of food safety initiatives and was prepared to inform the RtFC and build workforce capacity. Most initiatives were funded by five key stakeholders, including state and territory governments, local governments, nonprofit organizations, and higher education institutions. Over time, these organizations have shown commitment and support at the national, state, and local levels. A key challenge in achieving equitable distribution of nutritious food is the over-centralization of the commercial food chain system. Another challenge is the lack of government development of sufficient interim multisectoral strategies to support food security across the country. So far, no Australian policy has been found that directly affects the people's specific human right to food and water security over the long term. Widespread action by local communities and citizens is crucial and this sector has yet to be fully explored. This document of specific strategies to address food security offers opportunities to learn from past experiences and build successful initiatives in the future.

2.24. Evolving, Inspiring, and Connecting Nutrition Leaders: 2018 Ocean Nutrition Leadership Platform Course Summary

TP Wycherley

Capacity development and ongoing support are necessary characteristics of a strong nutrition workforce. The Ocean Nutrition Leadership Platform (ONLP) course is a biannual, seven-day course for early and mid-career professionals working in nutrition-related fields. To date, more than 2,200 people around the world have taken the Nutrition Leadership Platform courses (Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Latin America) using similar training models. ONLP participants were selected from applications by an independent committee and attended the course in July 2018. Course content focused on leadership, communication, team building, influencing policy, social responsibility and industry-public health relations. A post-course evaluation rated participants' satisfaction on a scale from 0 (completely dissatisfied) to 100 (completely satisfied). 22 participants from five Oceanian countries (Tonga, Fiji, Cook Islands, New Zealand and Australia) completed the course in 2018. Participants came from Academia/Research (59%), Industry (9%), Hospitals/Healthcare, Health (9%), Government (18%) and non-governmental organizations (5%). Participant (Norte= 18) rated their overall course experience with an average of 92 (range: 54-100) and the overall course quality with 90 (range: 34-100). The ONLP 2018 course was predominantly rated as a success by the participants. Importantly, the course cohort joined the ONLP network to enhance their ability to positively impact food systems, diet-related health outcomes and food security in Oceania.

2.25. Retention of antioxidant properties in blanched kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) by optimizing blanching conditions using response surface methodology

E.Chijoff¹, E. Beckett²and Q. Vuong¹

In its raw state, kale has been identified as rich in antioxidants. The food composition tables are based on raw kale data; However, kale's antioxidant properties are primarily attributed to phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, both of which are known to break down when heated. Blanching is a mild thermal process used as a cooking technique or as the first step for long-term storage. Excessive heat or application time can impair kale's antioxidant capacity, although responses to various methods have not yet been outlined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different blanching conditions and methods on the antioxidant properties of blanched kale compared to raw kale. The optimal conditions for retention of total phenols for hot water and microwave blanching (time, temperature/power) were identified using the response surface methodology. The optimal blanching conditions proved to be 150 s at 69 °C for hot water and 24 s at 960 W for microwave blanching. Under optimized conditions, the levels of phenolic compounds, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity were not significantly different (Page> 0.05) or significantly higher (Page< 0.05), compared to raw kale. These results demonstrate how optimizing type-specific blanching can maintain levels of antioxidant phytochemicals in kale.

2.26. Phytochemical composition of the juice and pomace of Opuntia Ficus Indica grown in Australia

CALIFORNIA. county^1,2, E. Georgousopoulou^1,2,3, D.D. Better^1,2,4and N. Naumovski^1,2

IsFeige Opuntia indica(OFI) Cactus is drought tolerant and known for its fruit: the prickly pear. The 'cladode' (cactus leaf) is also edible but little researched. The phytochemical composition of commercially grown Cladode as cold-pressed juice and pomace (70% methanolic extraction)v/v) were analyzed for titratable acidity (TA; %), antioxidant properties, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and antioxidant capacity ((FRAP), Trolox equivalents (TE)) and total bioactive phenolic composition (TP; Folin-Ciocalteu; Gallic) acid equivalents (GAE) ) and flavanol (TF; AlCl₃; Content of catechin equivalents (EC)). Descriptive statistics and differences (independentt-Tests assuming equal variances) between juice and pomace were determined using SPSS (v23; IBM). The Cladode juice produced 31.62% juice with a TA of 0.365 ± 0.065%. The juice contained TP 1212 ± 1069 µg_GAE, TF 113 ± 8,74 µg_CE; DPPH 1064 ± 12,2 µM_THE, FRAP 867 ± 57.7 uM_THEand vitamin C 0.193 ± 0.216 mg, while the pomace contained TP 54.17 ± 0.210 µg_GAE, TF 23,06 ± 1,05 µg_CE, DPPH 915 ± 1,39 µM_THEand FRAP 433 ± 3.79 µM_THE. Clear differences (Page< 0.001) between juice and pomace for TP, TF, DPPH, CUPRAC and FRAP, where the juice contained consistently higher levels. Therefore, the composition of Cladode juice indicates that it is a good source of phytochemicals and underscores the potential for the development of new food products.

2.27. The effect of juice processing on the phytochemical content of juice and residue (pomace) of Australian prickly pear fruit (Opuntia ficus indica)

CALIFORNIA. county^1,2, E. Georgousopoulou^1,2,3, D.D. Better^1,2,4and N. Naumovski^1,2

Prickly pear fruit (PP) is rich in phytochemicals but has a relatively short shelf life. The use of on-farm juicing techniques could increase the marketability of this perishable fruit. The influence of available juicing techniques on the phytochemical composition of PP juice and pomace has been relatively little studied. White, orange and purple PP fruits have been squeezed using a variety of affordable blenders and juicers. The composition of juice (neat) and pomace (70% MeOH) was measured in terms of antioxidant properties, purification activity (DPPH; Trolox Eq. (TE)) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP; TE); and bioactive content; Total content of phenol (TP; Folin-Ciocalteu; Gallic acid equiv. (GAE)), Flavanol (TF; AlCl3; Catechin equiv. (CE)) and Betalain content (TB mg/100 ml). Differences were determined using one-way ANOVA (SPSSv23; IBM); was valuedPage<0.05. In the juice, the highest levels of stickblended were found for TF (orange; 715.2 µg_CE;Page<0.001), mixed in jar for TP (purple; 3087 µg_GAE;Page<0.001), cold-pressed for TB (orange; 3.31 mg;Page< 0,001), DPPH (lila; 1178 µM_THE;Page< 0.001) and FRAP (purple; 29,900 µM_THE;Page<0.001). In the pomace, the highest levels were found in cold pressing for TP (white; 68.4 µg_GAE;Page< 0.001) and FRAP (orange; 495 µM_THE;Page<0.001). Results show that cold-pressed juices retained total phytochemicals best and had the highest juice yield, with pomace showing promise for potential product development.

2.28. Effects of composition on the cooking properties and texture of gluten-free pasta made from whole sorghum, brown rice, and chickpeas

M. Stephanie, G. Fox, M. Gidley und N. Gunness

Sorghum is an important but underutilized grain for human consumption in Australia. It contains no gluten and is rich in fiber and polyphenols. Therefore, it may have potential health benefits for celiacs and help control obesity and diabetes. Sorghum flour can be used in gluten-free foods, but it has poor textural and functional properties that can be improved by mixing it with other flours and hydrocolloids. Six gluten-free pastas were prepared with white (WSF) or red (RSF) whole sorghum flour, brown rice flour, chickpea flour and guar gum (GG) with or without xanthan gum (XG) in different compositions. This pasta was evaluated for cooking characteristics and texture and compared to three commercial pastas. Sorghum-based pasta had low cooking losses (4–5.17%), and RSF pasta had significantly lower cooking losses than WSF pasta (Page≤0.05). In addition, they were significantly stronger, more tacky, and less cohesive than commercial pastes (Page≤0.05). Similar chewiness was obtained for pasta made from RSF or WSF in combination with GG and XG and RSF with GG compared to commercial wheat pasta. The development of gluten-free pasta based on sorghum with very good culinary properties is possible; However, the structural properties must be further improved in order to meet the high quality requirements for pasta.

2.29. Usability-Test des Home Food Environment Self-Assessment Tool (HEAT)

SL Williams and R Shailer

Few tools are available for self-assessment of the home food environment. This study developed and tested the applicability of the Home Food Environment Self-Assessment Tool (HEAT), which aims to assess aspects (food choice, food storage and visibility, dish size, food structure, and food rules) of home food environments that promote or hamper healthy eating and behaviors. The tool includes 34 higher-scoring questions that reflect a healthier environment. 24 parents participated (96% women, age range: 25 to 54 years). Mean scores were foods prepared at will (6.3 ± 3.0), food storage and visibility (7.2 ± 0.9), dish size (5.6 ± 2.2), meal structure (4.5 ± 2.2) and dietary rules (4.9 ± 1.6). Most families stocked up on readily available groceries, using medium or large sized glasses, cups and bowls; they did not have dinner or breakfast or eat together every day in a dining room; and had no uniform rules regarding vegetable consumption, snacks, places to eat or behavior in the household. The system's usability score (80.4) suggests that HEAT is a useful tool for identifying aspects of the home food environment that could be modified to better support healthy food intake and behaviors for families. Further development and validation of HEAT are warranted.

2.30. To study the preparation of spray-dried ferrous sulfate microcapsules using cross-linked protein transglutaminase for infant formula fortification

S. Yousefi, M. Sarvi, and W. Weisany

About a quarter of the world's population suffers from anemia due to iron deficiency. Iron fortification of staple foods is one of the best ways to address this issue. In our study, ferrous sulfate (FS) was encapsulated by complex coating materials including maltodextrin (MD, DE6), whey protein isolate (WPI), and sodium alginate (SA). The enzyme transglutaminase (TGase) was used as the cross-linking agent. The physicochemical properties and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the prepared FS-loaded microcapsules grown by direct spray-dried microcapsules were examined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to measure ferrous sulfate concentration (FS, 0.1-0.5 ppm), wall-to-core ratio (W/C, 5-9), and transglutaminase (TGase, 0.02 -0.06 ppm) in the production of bioactive coating to optimize the development of high-quality milk powder. The microcapsules produced showed high oxygen stability and low metallic taste, which subsequently led to a constant release of FA. Conditions were optimized to achieve the highest antioxidant activity (34.80%), EE (89.34%), yield (42.87%) and porosity value (77.11%); the lowest values ​​for baking degree (65.54) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA, 71.39) were 0.2 ppm FS, 8 W/C and 0.04 ppm TGase. The results showed that the microencapsulation process is suitable for the production of protein-based microcapsules with sensitive ingredients.

2.31. Gut microbiota and amylolytic enzymes change during in vitro fermentation of cooked and native wheat starches with variable amylose content

Oh good¹, BA Williams¹, AJ Slade², EC hats^3,4, M. Morrison⁴, D. Mikkelsen¹and MJ Gidley¹

Slower starch digestion in the small intestine is associated with increased resistant starch (RS) entering the colon, offering the potential for health benefits when fermented by the resident microbiota. One way to decrease digestion speed is to increase the amylose content of starch (AM); however, the mechanisms involved in the intestinal microbial fermentation of high amylose RS substrates are largely unknown. In this study, a variety of high AM wheat starches were extracted and treated to form native granular and cooked forms. These starches were subjected to in vitro fermentation using porcine fecal inoculum. Fermentation data in the form of gas kinetics and short-chain fatty acid profiles indicated that higher AM starches had slower fermentation kinetics and that cooking had a greater impact on fermentation kinetics than low AM starches. Four types of amylolytic enzyme activity were quantified in both the supernatant and the microbial pellet, along with changes in the diversity of the major microbial species during fermentation. This study highlights the effects of various high amylose wheat starches on resident microbiota and their amylolytic enzymes, provides insight into the interactions that occur during fermentation, and improves understanding of the potential health benefits of wheat-based foods high AM wheat.

2.32. The long-term Paleolithic diet is associated with low-resistance starch, differential gut microbiota composition, and elevated serum TMAO concentrations.

A. Genoni¹, M. Boyce¹, C. Christophersen^1,2, J.Lo¹, P. Lyons-Wall¹, T. Vogel³und A. Becomes¹

The Paleolithic diet is promoted to improve gut health; However, little evidence is available to support these claims. A cross-sectional study examined the association between diet, gut microbiota and long-term serum trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) (Norte= 44, >1 year) followers of a Paleolithic diet (PD) compared to controls (Norte= 47) consume an Australian diet. Food intake was measured by 3-day recordings, microbial composition in stool samples (48 h) and serum TMAO by LC-MS. The PD was stratified (Strict Paleolithic (SP) (Norte= 22) and Pseudo-Paleolithic (PP) (Norte= 22)) based on compliance, specifically exclusion of grain and dairy products. Resistant starch (RS) intake was lower in both Paleolithic groups than in the control group (2.62, 1.26 vs. 4.48 g/day (Page<0.05)); Vegetable intake was higher in SP (6.68 vs. 3.83 servings/day,Page< 0.01), and there was a decrease in the abundance of Bifidobacteria and Roseburia, but an increase in the TMA precursor Hungatella in Paleolithic groups (Page<0.05). Trimethylamine (TMA) is a gut-derived metabolite and forms TMAO associated with CVD and was higher in SP compared to PP and the control (Page< 0.01) and inversely associated with consumption of whole grain products (r= −0,34,Page<0.01). Although PD has been promoted to improve gut health, these results suggest that lower long-term whole grain intake is associated with adverse effects on gut microbiota and increased TMAO production. A variety of fiber components may be required to maintain gut health.

2.33. Investigation of the systemic supply of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in healthy people

PENNSYLVANIA. Kiemen^1,2, D. Then², M. C. van Zelm¹, J.G. Muir²and PR Gibson²

Experimentally, increased systemic delivery of SCFA has been linked to health benefits, but how this can be achieved in humans has not been explored. The aim of the study was to determine whether SCFA delivery to the circulation can be altered by fiber-associated colonic fermentation and direct absorption from food and drink. Healthy subjects (Norte= 10) ate a high (38 g/day) and low (18 g/day) fermentable fiber diet for 5 days in random order with a 5-day washout in between and consumed 20 mL of apple cider vinegar (10% SCFA) in separate experiments. after an overnight fast. SCFA concentrations in peripheral blood plasma were measured by gas chromatography before and after these procedures. Mean (SD) SCFA concentrations at Day 5 increased from 57 (18) on the low-fiber diet to 177 (50) µM on the high-fiber diet (Page<0.001; pairedt-Test). Vinegar consumption increased fasting SCFA levels from 121 (59) to 264 (108) µM (Page<0.05; pairedttest) at 60 min, followed by a return to baseline within 80 min. Circulating SCFA concentration is increased 3-fold by dietary intake of fermentable fiber or SCFA-rich oral foods, providing dietary strategies that result in sustained elevation of SCFA delivery to the systemic circulation.

2.34. Knowledge and attitudes about gut health, probiotics and prebiotics among Australian adults

S.Khalesi and S.Williams

Evidence highlights the relationships between gut health, probiotics, prebiotics and the prevention/treatment of chronic diseases. Few studies have examined the factors associated with the use of these products. This study examined Australians' knowledge of gut health and attitudes towards probiotics and prebiotics to understand the need for health education. In 2017, 1,265 adults (53% women) took part in an online survey. Most respondents were current or former users of probiotics (58% knew what “gut flora” (65%) and “probiotics” (75%) are and cited yogurt as a natural source of probiotics (77%). Only 34% of Respondents knew what “prebiotics” are Among users of probiotics, only 32% reported taking them daily Most consumers (55%) preferred food sources for probiotics/prebiotics compared to dietary supplements (16%) Many respondents indicated to use probiotics “to maintain health” (46%) or because it was in line with their “own knowledge and belief” (39%) included costs (68%), perceived lack of need (58%), and preference for natural food sources (48th %) Relatively high consumption and knowledge of probiotics and the need for more education about their role in health, natural sources and the correct use of probiotics and prebiotics.

2.35. The Effect of Sulfated Polysaccharide Extract of Seaweed “UX” on the Gut Microbiome of Overweight and Obese People: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

LA Roach¹, PC Winberg², D. Harmelin³and B.J. Meyer¹

Seaweed extracts for gut health have not been well studied in human clinical trials. A six-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to test the effect of a sulfated polysaccharide seaweed extract (seaweed extract “UX”) on gut microbiome composition. A total of 64 overweight or obese subjects were randomized to receive either a 2g or 4g dose of "UX" seaweed extract or placebo. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and at six weeks and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using primer 6 with Permanova software, permutation multivariate analysis of variance was used to test the difference in changes in gut flora species composition and frequency between group treatments. There was a significant difference in the change in composition and abundance of gut flora between the two pooled drug groups compared to the placebo group (Page<0.05). A percentage similarity analysis showed that more than 90% of the differences found could be explained by 15 taxa. Specifically, Bifidobacterium increased 3-fold in the active groups, while Akkermansia increased 8-fold in the 4 g treatment group. This is the first study to demonstrate the prebiotic potential of the specific “UX” algae extract in humans.

2.36. Fermentation profiles of insoluble fiber from selected fruits and vegetables

W. Widaningrum, B. Flanagan, B. Williams, D. Mikkelsen und M. Gidley

Many studies have examined the fermentability and health effects of the soluble fraction of dietary fiber (DF) extracted from food crops, but few have examined that of the insoluble fraction of DF. Since almost all DF sources consist primarily of insoluble fiber (IDF), studies are needed to investigate the fermentability and health benefits of natural DFs containing both soluble and insoluble DFs. In this experiment, substrates containing mainly IDFs from fruits and vegetables (apple, banana, pear, baby spinach, celery, and carrot) were isolated by crushing and washing processes to represent gastrointestinal digestion. The remaining IDF samples were tested by in vitro fermentation with a porcine inoculum. All substrates were extensively fermented, which is reflected in their gas production, with apple and pear fermenting fastest (202 and 183 ml g⁻¹), followed by celery, carrot, spinach and banana, the latter two showing behavior similar to wheat bran (74 ml.g⁻¹). The end products of the fermentation were mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate in proportions of 65:20:10 for all samples. The results indicate that these IDF-containing substrates have the potential to be considered with prebiotic activity.

2.37. Monitoring of dietary intake: a survey of dietary policy in Indonesian hospitals

D. Budiningsari ¹, S.Shahar², Z. A. manaf²und S. Susetyowati¹

Inadequate energy and protein intake are commonly reported in hospitalized patients. Ongoing efforts have been made to identify or assess patients at high risk of malnutrition; However, less emphasis was placed on monitoring and documenting food intake. This study aims to examine the current policy of Indonesian hospitals in relation to monitoring the dietary intake of adult hospitalized patients. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was completed by medical personnel, namely nurses, nutritionists and ward catering services. In addition, the interview was conducted with the heads of the nutrition departments of these six hospitals to review the current guidelines for monitoring food intake as part of the nutrition process. The majority of respondents (73%) indicated that the patient's food intake is regularly monitored and evaluated, with 64% indicating that the task was performed routinely or daily. All but two hospitals in the study have implemented policies requiring recording of patients' food intake. Thus, the majority of healthcare professionals (61.3%) confirmed the existence of this policy in their respective hospitals. Hospitals should provide protocols and guidelines for interdisciplinary professionals, including regular monitoring of dietary intake, to reduce the risk of in-hospital malnutrition.

2.38. Patient experiences and perceptions of resuming eating after colorectal surgery: a qualitative study

M. Rattray¹, A Marshal², B. Desceja¹y S.Roberts³

Many patients undergoing lower gastrointestinal surgery do not resume food intake within the timeframes established by evidence-based guidelines or do not meet their in-hospital dietary requirements. The aim of this study was to examine patients' perceptions of resuming eating after colorectal surgery to identify areas for improvement that meet their needs and expectations. This qualitative study involved semi-structured one-on-one interviews with colorectal patients receiving postoperative care in an Australian hospital. Targeted sampling was used to ensure maximum variation in age, gender, and type of intervention. The interviews were tape-recorded and the data transcribed verbatim before being analyzed thematically. All researchers discussed emerging themes and sub-themes to ensure consensus on interpretation. 16 patients were interviewed (56% women; age 61.5 ± 12.3 years). Three general themes emerged from the data: (i) patients make nutritional decisions based on ideologies, experience and trust; (ii) patients appreciate the opportunity to participate in their nutritional care; and (iii) the manner in which nutritional information is communicated influences patients' perceptions and behaviors regarding nutrition. Providing postoperative colorectal patients with the ability to choose from a variety of liquid and solid foods from the first postoperative day, along with surgeons providing clear, simple, and encouraging nutritional information, can facilitate patient involvement in care and increase oral uptake .

2.39. Oral nutritional supplement (ONS) compliance in elderly patients admitted to St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines

M.F.M. Liwag-Atienza¹, DCD Redondo-Samin², J. F. Invention²and M. Ramos, Jr.³

A major cause of malnutrition in the elderly is suboptimal or poor food intake. To increase nutrient deficiencies, oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are usually prescribed in the hospital. The study aimed to document ONS compliance and tolerance in elderly hospitalized patients. This observational study included 36 patients prescribed oral diet and NOS at a 1:1 dilution. Actual ONS intake was monitored for three days using a dietary record form, and subjects were grouped into (1) consuming >50% prescribed ONS (2) consuming <50% prescribed ONS. Results showed that 78% of elderly patients consumed less than 50% of the prescribed amount of ONS. Average ONS compliance was 22%, with only taste aversion cited as the most common reason for low compliance or non-compliance. It is observed that the OSS prescribed is wasted when patients consume a mean OSS volume of 132.6 ml/day, which corresponds to a mean of 38% of the OSS prescribed. The average ONS not consumed is 66% of what the patient paid for each ONS administered. Adjusting the ONS volume prescribed may be recommended to optimize uptake in hospitalized elderly patients and avoid wastage.

2.40. Assessment of body fluid volume status in children with nephrotic syndrome using bioelectrical impedance

LC Pavillon¹, S. Brantlov², L. Jodal³, A. Lange⁴, R. Andersen⁴y S. Rittig⁴

There is an urgent need for a reliable and simple method to provide physicians with essential information about the state of body fluid volume in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a promising method, but calculating absolute body water volume can be inaccurate in children with NS. Using raw BIA parameters, this study examined resistance indices (RI), phase angle (PA), bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), resistance (R) and reactance, XC, and cell membrane capacitance (CM) to assess volume status. Eight children with active NS and 38 healthy controls (HC) (2-10 years) were included. Whole-body impedance measurements (Xitron 4200) were performed at baseline (Norte= all) and in remission at NS (Norte= 5). significant (Page< 0.05) Differences in mean values ​​were found between NS and HC: RI (43.3 vs. 28.6 cm²/Ω); PA (3.0 vs. 5.3°); BIVA (R/H, 356.9 and XC/H, 18.4 vs. R/H, 579.4 and XC/H, 58.8 Ω/cm) and CM (0.53 vs. 0.82 nF). Changes in impedance parameters indicated an increase in body water (edema) in patients with active NS compared to healthy controls and patients in remission. These observations inform treatment strategies to control edema, such as B. reducing salt in the diet.

2.41. The effect of a two-week maternal low-FODMAP diet on the oligosaccharide composition of breast milk

TK Harb, PSW Davies and R.J. Colina

The effect of maternal dietary fermentable carbohydrates or FODMAPs on concentrations of breast milk oligosaccharides (HMO) is currently unknown. HMOs play a key role in establishing the infant gut microbiome. Thirty mothers were randomly assigned to either a low-FODMAP diet (LF) or a no-milk/egg (CMP/egg) diet for two weeks. Eliminated foods were reintroduced for one week after the intervention period. Breast milk samples were taken before, during and after the intervention period. Samples were analyzed for changes in selected HMOs during the study period using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A linear mixed model analysis was performed to determine trends in changes in HMO concentration across diet groups over time. No significant differences were found between the diet groups, but there was a trend towards significance (Page= 0.092) for an HMO: lactodifucotetraose (LDFT). The LDFT concentration decreased during the intervention phase and increased during the reintroduction phase in the LF group. This pattern was reversed in the CMP/egg group for the reintroduction phase. The reduction in LDFT concentration in breast milk found here in mothers consuming the LF diet may impair the infant's gut microbiome and thus functionality.

2.42. Breastfeeding and respiratory consequences in the first year of life: a secondary analysis of 3 cohort studies.

SM Harvey¹, V.E. Murphy¹, P. G. Gibson^2,3, J. Mates^1,4, A. Colison¹and ME Jensen¹

The protective role of breastfeeding in childhood wheezing or bronchiolitis remains unclear, particularly if the mother has asthma. Data from 3 cohort studies of maternal asthma in pregnancy conducted in Newcastle, Australia between 2007 and 2018 were analyzed. The mother-child dyads were observed for 12 months. Mothers completed a validated questionnaire at six months (Norte= 624) and 12 months (Norte= 507) after birth. Information on breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and respiratory consequences was collected. 86% of mothers started breastfeeding, 43% of infants were partially or exclusively breastfed up to 6 months, and 31% of infants were breastfed at 12 months. Wheezing was reported in 40% of infants by 6 months and 52% by 12 months. Bronchiolitis was reported in 19% of infants by 6 months of age and 34% by 12 months of age. Breastfeeding for at least 6 months compared to never breastfeeding was associated with a reduced risk of wheezing (adjusted hazard ratio (aRR) 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.90,Page= 0.02) and bronchiolitis (aRR0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.92,Page= 0.028) at 6 months. This effect was not observed at the 12-month follow-up. Breastfeeding for the first six months of life was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing infantile wheezing and bronchiolitis. A larger sample size is needed to determine whether prolonged breastfeeding is beneficial in preventing adverse respiratory outcomes in infants in the first year of life.

2.43. Commercial growth milk: comparison of content, price and consumption recommendations with cow's milk

B.Hudson¹, T. Worsley¹and Jane Willcox²

Commercial Infant/Adult Milks (GUMs) is a multi-billion dollar industry with the potential to transform children's eating habits; However, studies on GUMs are scarce. This study aimed to compare the nutritional composition, cost, and serving recommendations of GUM and cow's milk (CM). Twelve GUMs commonly available in Australia's leading supermarkets and pharmacies were compared to CM for energy content, macro and micronutrients, recommended daily allowance and cost. GUM (mean per 100 ml) had similar energy (287 kJ vs. 293 kJ), less protein (-33.1%) and fat (-22.3%) and more carbohydrate (134%) compared to CM. No consistency was observed in the GUM formulation, and additional ingredients in some GUMs included docosahexaenoic acid, lutein, and galactooligosaccharides. Marked differences in micronutrient profiles were observed, with GUMs having higher levels of vitamins C and D and iron, similar levels of calcium and sodium, and lower levels of vitamins A, B6 and B12, iodine, biotin and trace elements than CM. GUMs were up to four times more expensive than CMs per 100ml. GUM's maximum daily feeding recommendations (460ml) have the potential for overfeeding. This study is the first to compare GUM and CM and points to the need for further research on the contribution of GUM to children's diets and dietary recommendations for GUM intake.

2.44. A higher intake of medium- to high-fat dairy products during pregnancy is not associated with a higher percentage of body fat in the newborn

A. Meroni^1,2, H. U. Dissanayake^1,2, R. McMullan^1,2,3, Y Kong^1,2, A Gordon^2,3, K. M. McKenzie^1,2, M. Phang^1,2and M.R. Skilton^1,2

Eating dairy during pregnancy is reported to be beneficial for both mothers and their babies, with most of the benefits coming from low-fat dairy. Previous studies have shown that less than 30% of Australian pregnant women meet the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) for dairy (2.5 servings daily). Increased consumption of moderate- to high-fat dairy products during pregnancy may affect fetal adipose tissue accumulation, a key aspect of cardiometabolic health. In this study, we assessed the intake of various dairy products in 158 pregnant women using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Newborn body fat percentage (BF%) was measured by air displacement plethysmography. On average, mothers consumed 1.9 servings of dairy products daily, of which 75% were medium-fat varieties and only 24% (Norte= 38) of women met the ADG for dairy products during pregnancy. Multivariable linear regression showed no significant associations between low-fat or medium-fat dairy intake and newborn %BF (β = -0.03 [95% CI: -0.16, 0.10],Page= 0,65 y β = −0,03 [IC 95%: −0,10, 0,03],Page= 0.35). Our results suggest that Australian pregnant women may not meet the ADG for milk consumption. In addition, no evidence was found that dairy products are associated with body fat in newborns.

2.45. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes before conception predicts pregnancy after natural cycle frozen embryo transfer

B. Meyer¹, CC onyiaodike², S.M. Murray³, R. Zhang³, F. Jordan⁴, AE Braun², RJB tips⁵, H. Lyall², N. Satar⁴, S.M. Nelson²und DJ Freeman⁴

The environment for embryo implantation and fetal growth and development is influenced by the mother's nutritional, metabolic and health status. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to test whether plasma metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers can predict pregnancy following in vitro fertilization (IVF). Women with a natural menstrual cycle undergoing frozen embryo transfer (FET) were recruited and fasting baseline blood samples were collected an average of 3.4 days prior to the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, and one non-fasting blood sample was obtained on the day of FET removed. Prolonged pregnancy was defined by a positive fetal heartbeat on ultrasound at day 45 after the LH surge. 36 pregnancies resulted from FET in 143 women. In a general stepwise multivariable analysis, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes was positively associated with ongoing pregnancy. A similar model that included the tag of FET covariates found that the ratio of erythrocyte saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, mean erythrocyte fatty acid chain length, and plasma triglyceride score predicted ongoing pregnancy. In conclusion, a higher ratio of periconceptional saturated and unsaturated fatty acids predicted sustained pregnancy after natural cycle frozen embryo transfer and may reflect maternal nutritional status facilitating pregnancy success in this assisted conception setting.

2.46. Comparison of multivitamin and mineral supplements for Australian teenagers

K. Aldwell¹, H. Jebeile^1,2, SP Garnett^1,2, M. L. Wow^1,2y N. B. Lister^1,2

Adolescents are at risk of deficiencies in micronutrients such as vitamin B6, vitamin A, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus due to inadequate intake (National Survey of Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011-12). Dietary supplementation can promote nutritional adequacy, but the most appropriate products are unknown. This study evaluated the micronutrient content of commercially available multivitamin and mineral (MVM) products in Australia. The Australian Register of Therapeutic Products was searched to identify youth-appropriate MVMs containing five or more vitamins/minerals available in Australian stores. Eligible products were scored based on the amount of micronutrients and, if included, the amount of "vulnerable" nutrients (maximum score of 40). The MVMs with the highest scores (>30) were compared to the Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs). Of the 76 identified, none contained adequate levels of all the micronutrients at risk. The 13 best MVMs met the RDI for vitamin B6 and eight for vitamin A in women ages 13 to 18 and men age 13 (none met the RDI for men over age 14). Only one met the RDI for iron and two for zinc. None met the RDI for calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus. In general, commercial MVMs contain proportionately fewer minerals than vitamins. Some may be useful to supplement suboptimal intake in adolescents. Individual prescription of risk nutrients may be required.

2.47. Novel urinary biomarkers of food intake: mapping the literature

E Clarke, R Williams, M Rollo, K Pezdirc, and C Collins

Food intake is commonly assessed by established methods such as food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), food registries, or recalls. Each of these self-reporting methods has limitations that affect validity and reliability. Nutritional biomarkers can provide an objective verification of self-reported food and nutrient intake, and this is a rapidly evolving area. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize new urinary biomarkers for individual foods, food groups, dietary patterns or dietary supplements that have been evaluated to date. Six major electronic databases were searched. The included studies were conducted on healthy populations, published from 2000 onwards, and compared measured food intake to a urine marker. Studies were excluded if they took place in populations with disease, measured nutritional needs, or bioavailability. The initial search identified 9985 studies, retrieving 1036 full texts and including 113 full texts. Preliminary results indicate that the most commonly used dietary assessment methods to assess urinary biomarkers were FFQs, or food records. Of the included studies, 59 used urine biomarkers for individual foods, 48 ​​for food groups, eight for dietary patterns, and five for dietary supplements. The biomarkers identified were whole grains (alkylresorcinols), soy (daidzein, genistein) and fruit (proline betaine). Although some new urinary biomarkers have been identified, further validation studies are warranted to confirm the self-reported uptake.

2.48. Do the currently recommended iron supplements promote iron deficiency?

D. M. frazer^1,2and G.J. Anderson^1,2,3

The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for iron is calculated using estimates of the proportion of iron absorbed from food. Currently, the amount absorbed is based on that of a person with normal functional iron levels but minimal iron storage as indicated by a serum ferritin (SF) of 15 μg/L. However, the amount of iron absorbed from food is inversely regulated by the body's iron stores. Therefore, basing the RDA for iron on the absorption rate of an individual with a SF of 15 μg/L will promote iron deficiency, since individuals with a higher SF will not absorb enough iron to offset obligatory losses. The body's iron stores would drop to a SF of 15 μg/L, at which point iron intake would offset iron losses. Using recently published estimates of iron absorption based on a target SF of 70 μg/L in premenopausal women, we recalculated the RDA for iron and found that it increases from 8 mg/day to 15 mg/day for adult males mg/ day to 33 mg/day for premenopausal women and from 8 mg/day to 14 mg/day for postmenopausal women. These estimates represent a significant increase in the RDA for each population studied and suggest that public health policies should be reassessed to better reflect population iron needs.

2.49. Fasting or a low-carb diet may alter the body's regulation of iron: a potential new treatment for hereditary hemochromatosis

D. M. frazer^1,2, C. S. G. Mirciov^1,2, SJ Wilkins¹and G.J. Anderson^1,2,3

Patients with hereditary hemochromatosis develop iron burden due to inappropriately low expression of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin. Therefore, interventions that increase hepcidin production would be beneficial in this condition. A recent study showed that gluconeogenic signaling in fasted mice can increase the expression of Hamp1, the gene that encodes hepcidin. We examined this effect in more detail to determine whether the responsible signaling pathway(s) could offer new targets for the treatment of iron homeostasis disorders. To stimulate gluconeogenesis in wild-type and Hfe mice^−/−Mice (a model for hereditary hemochromatosis) were fasted prior to euthanasia and hepatic Hamp1 expression was determined. A low carbohydrate diet has also been used to stimulate gluconeogenesis in Hfe.^−/−mice. Fasting was found to increase Hamp1 levels in both wild-type and Hfe^−/−Mice versus fed animals. Preliminary results from mice fed a low-carbohydrate diet showed that stimulating gluconeogenesis in this way can decrease the level of iron loading in Hfe.^−/−mice. These results indicate that the induction of Hamp1 expression by gluconeogenic pathways is independent of HFE and suggest that targeting the involved pathways could have clinical utility in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis.

2.50. Usual dietary intake of anthocyanins, sources and their effects on blood pressure in a representative sample of Australian adults.

EO machine¹, K. E. Charlton^1,2and Y.C. problem^1,2

Estimating anthocyanin intake is an important first step in understanding the health effects of anthocyanins. This study aimed to determine anthocyanin intake, dietary sources and associations with blood pressure (BP) as measured from the 2011-12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity component of the Australian Health Survey. This study was an analysis of secondary data. Anthocyanin intake was calculated using an Australian anthocyanin database, habitual anthocyanin intake was modeled using the multi-source method, and dietary sources were determined by calculating the contribution of food groups to total anthocyanin intake. A regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and physical activity level was used to assess the relationship between anthocyanin intake and blood pressure in adults over 50 years of age. Average anthocyanin intake was 24.17 ± 0.32 mg/day across all age groups, with berries making the largest contribution to commonly classified foods. A significant correlation between anthocyanin intake and blood pressure (systolic, β = -0.04,Page< 0.01 and diastolic, β = 0.01.Page<0.01). Seasonal berries are the main sources of anthocyanins in this population, with intake being inversely correlated with blood pressure in adults 50 years and older. These results will be useful in evaluating the relationships between anthocyanin intake and chronic diseases and will therefore facilitate progress in anthocyanin health research.

2.51. To investigate an association between the use of micronutrient supplements and blood biomarkers in older Australian adults.

K. Kaur¹, C. Martin², K. King¹, S. Niblett¹, M. Veysey^1,3, M. Lucock², M. McEvoy^1,4and E Beckett^1,4

Dietary supplement use is common among older adults because aging increases the risk of malnutrition. The links between taking micronutrient supplements and health remain unclear, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. This study examined the relationship between cardiometabolic biomarkers and micronutrient supplement intake in a large cohort of elderly Australians (Norte= 649) to further clarify these relationships. Fasting blood samples were collected and serum lipids (low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC)) were determined at the Hunter Area Pathology Service (HAPS) using standard laboratory tests. Protocols Statistical analyzes were performed using multivariable regression models (JMP v13) with adjustment for diet and lifestyle variables and odds ratios (ORs) andPage-Values ​​(Page) calculated. HDL was higher (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 0.91-2.28,Page= 0.004), while the ratio of TG to TC:HDL was lower in the supplement users (OR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.61-1.07 and 0.88, 95% CI: 0.75-1 .04;Page= 0.041 and 0.027 respectively). Cholesterol and LDL were not significantly associated with supplement use (OR 1.006, 95% CI: 0.84-1.21 and 0.99, 95% CI: 0.80-1.21, respectively;Page= 0.427 and 0.824, respectively). The data suggest that micronutrient supplementation is associated with an improved serum lipid profile. More research is needed to determine if this translates into a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.

2.52. Chewing behavior is associated with both satiety and satiety.

D. Ni, S. Dhital, M. Gidley und N. Gunness

Eating behavior is known to be linked to metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. However, the regulation of food intake is complex as it is influenced by a variety of psychological and physiological factors. This study focused on satiety and satiety from common foods of a variety of textures, nutrient and energy types, and chewing behavior using 10 trained panelists. Relationships between satiety, satiety, amount of food consumed, energy intake, energy density, digestion of food, number of chews and particle size distribution were examined. The results show that the number of chews, a typical index of eating habits, has a significant positive correlation with perceived postmeal satiety and significant negative correlations (Page< 0.05) with perceived satiety from food and the amount of food eaten. In addition, chewing behavior correlated more strongly with satiety and feelings of fullness compared to food energy intake. In summary, eating habits, particularly the number of chews, not only affect the amount of food eaten, but are also closely related to perceived satiety and feelings of fullness.

2.53. Vitamin D use and osteoarthritis in Australian adults

A. Owen, E. Zomer, J. Gilmartin-Thomas and I. Ackerman

It has been suggested that vitamin D levels may be associated with the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA), however, randomized clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation have not found any benefit for pain or OA progression Find. Recent Australian clinical guidelines advise against the use of vitamin D to treat OA, although it is often marketed for 'musculoskeletal health'. This study conducted cross-sectional analyzes of the 2014/15 Australian Bureau of Statistics National Health Survey (NHS) to examine the use of vitamin D supplementation in adults with and without osteoarthritis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine predictors of vitamin D use. Out of 14,560 adults in the NHS, 15% had self-reported osteoarthritis. Taking vitamin D supplements in the past two weeks was reported by 15.6% of people with OA, 26.1% of people with osteoporosis, and 7.3% of people without musculoskeletal disorders. After accounting for age, gender, osteoporosis, physical activity, smoking, diabetes, BMI, and socioeconomic status, OA remained a significant predictor of vitamin D intake (Page<0.001). This study underscores the need for a better understanding of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation decisions for people with OA.

2.54. Development of an Australian food composition database for flavonoids: systematic extension to the food subclass flavan-3-ol

Y Probst and K Lindsay

Intake of phytochemicals is associated with a reduced risk of noncommunicable diseases, although region-specific data are needed. There is currently no Australian food composition database. This study aimed to develop an Australian database of flavan-3-ol. Following a previous anthocyanin database, a systematic literature review was conducted to obtain analytical data from Australian foods; first tested for catechins. Analytical data was evaluated using a procedure established by the USDA. When published data were not obtained, unpublished data were obtained or values ​​were borrowed from the USDA or Phenol Explorer databases. All data were compared with the AUSNUT 2011-13 database. Australian analytical data (mg/100g) were found for black tea (8,443 epigallocatechin (EGC), 7,238 epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 5,275 ECG, 8,858 theaflavin, 9,851 theaflavin gallate, 5.38 theaflavin 3'-gallate, 11 .57 theaflavin digallate), green tea (46.11 EGC, 109 EGCG, 36.6 ECG, 0.26 theaflavin and 5.85 thearubigin), red wine (3.262 catechin, 1.165 epicatechin), apples (18.4 catechin, 50.05 epicatechin), barley (0.82 catechin), oats (0.79 catechin and 2.34 EGC), myrtle anise (1730 catechin) and Lilly Pilly (47 catechin and 290 epicatechin). The data were of medium to low quality. The database developed will provide more accurate estimates of Australian flavonoid intake. Australian food requires additional analysis to reduce reliance on rendered data and improve data quality.

2.55. Stress reduces the phosphate balance in humans

N. Serizawa^1,2, M. Nishimuta^1,3, N. Kodama^2,3, M.Shimada^3,4, Y. Yoshitake^3,5, M.Ota¹und T. Yano¹

Mental and physical stress promote the excretion of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the urine. In this study, we examined the balance of minerals (such as sodium, potassium, Ca, Mg, phosphorus [P], zinc, iron, copper, and manganese) in people while exposed to different types of stress. Two 15-day metabolic studies were conducted here, including two consecutive 4-day equilibration periods. The subjects were 23 healthy young women. During the equilibration periods, subjects were served a 4-day rotating menu. During the first equilibration period (stress period), half of the subjects were exposed to three types of stress (i.e. exposure to cold, calculation and confinement to a dark place), while during the second equilibration period (control period) they were not exposed to stress. In a crossover fashion, the remaining subjects were subjected to stress during the second equilibration period. Balance is a value that excludes excretion via faeces and urine from intake. We used IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24 for statistical analysis. The P balance was significantly lower during the stress period than during the control period. (−0.60 ± 1.51 vs. 0.12 ± 1.19 mg/kg bw/d,Page<0.05). Thus, we show that mental and physical stress reduces P uptake.

2.56. Comparison of iodine status before and after mandatory iodine fortification of bread in South Australia using newborn TSH concentration as a marker: a population study

M. Wassie¹, L. N. yelland^2,3, L Smithers², E. Ranieri⁴y S. J. Zhou¹

Mandatory iodine fortification of bread was introduced in October 2009 following a resurgence of iodine deficiency in Australia. This study aimed to compare iodine status in South Australia before and after mandatory iodine fortification of bread, using neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration as a marker. Population iodine deficiency is indicated when more than 3% of newborns have TSH > 5 mIU/L. Newborn TSH data between 2005 and 2016 (Norte= 211,033) were drawn from the Newborn Screening Program in South Australia. The percentage of newborns with TSH > 5 mIU/L was 5.1%, 6.2% and 4.6% in the pre-enrichment groups (born before October 2009), the transition group (born between October 2009 and June 2009. 2010) and the post-enrichment group (born between October 2009 and June 2009). born after June 2010). Neonates in the post-enrichment period had a 10% reduced risk [incidence rate ratio (IRR), 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87, 0.94], while infants in the transition phase had a 22% increased risk [IRR, 1.22; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.31] with a TSH > 5 mIU/L as infants in the pre-fortification group. Using newborn TSH as a marker, South Australia remains slightly iodine depleted after fortification. It is important to regularly monitor iodine status using several indicators to assess the effectiveness and safety of the fortification program.

2.57. How much sodium and potassium do Victorian adults eat?

K. A. Bolton¹, J. Webster², K.Trieu², J. Reimers³, S. Armstrong⁴, E. Dunford², S. January², M. Woodward², B.Neal², C. Nowson¹and C Grimes¹

VicHealth is conducting a nationwide salt reduction initiative. This Victorian-style study assessed sodium and potassium intake in adults and defined the major sources of sodium in the diet. A cross-sectional study of 338 adults performed a full 24-hour urine collection in 2016/2017 and 151 performed a 24-hour food reminder. The mean age of the participants was 49 years and 56% were women. The mean (95% CI) 24-hour urinary excretion was 130 (124-137) mmol/day for sodium and 76 (73-79) mmol/day for potassium. The urinary Na:K ratio was 1.82 (1.74-1.91). The mean 24-hour intake, estimated from diet memory, was 116 (108-124) mmol/day for sodium and 94 (89-99) mmol/day for potassium. The Na:K ratio was 1.34 (1.23-1.46). The corresponding estimates for salt intake were 7.6 versus 6.8 g/day. The major dietary sources of sodium were bread products (10%), mixed grain-based dishes (8%), and processed meats (8%). The majority of food-derived sodium came from retail stores (58%), restaurants/takeaway (17%) and fresh food markets (12%). Mean salt intake exceeded the maximum recommended intake of 5 g/day. Salt reduction programs need to focus on different types of foods and multiple types of grocery stores.

2.58. Safety monitoring of intense sweeteners: A dietary exposure model for added sugar substitutes

M. de Abreu, D. Mackerras and T. Hambridge

Ten intense sweeteners (IS) are permitted in food and drink in Australia. To assess and monitor your food supply safety, your intakes are scored against Health Based Guideline Values ​​(HBGVs). Collecting SI usage data is resource intensive. Therefore, in order to focus the limited resources, a screening method was required to identify IS where exposure may exceed HBGV. A dietary exposure model, which assumes that all added sugars are replaced by IS, was performed to determine population exposure to IS. Usual intake of added sugars (mean and 90th percentile) from NNPAS 2011-12 (Norte= 12,153) were modeled using the NCI method and divided by the relative sweetness of each SI and compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Dietary exposure to IS based on the sugar-substitute method was mean for eight of the ten IS and the 90th percentile below the ADI in males aged 2 years and older and females. Cyclamates exceeded the mean and 90th percentile ADI and steviol glycosides mean. Exposure to most SIs is below the ADI, assuming all added sugars are replaced. Further research on exposure to cyclamates and steviol glycosides is warranted.

2.59. Nutritional content of fast food items served by fast food outlets in Canberra: a pilot study

Haider A, Jani R, Naumovski N, Kellett J, Learnihan V, and Davey R

Almost two-thirds (63%) of adults in Australia are overweight or obese. Australians consume high-energy, nutrient-poor fast foods three times a week, which is a major contributor to the prevalence of obesity. A cross-sectional pilot study aiming to collect and compare the nutritional content of fast food items (N=239 items) offered by fast food outlets in Canberra between 2015 and 2018 and the amount of food identify those that have met the national benchmark criteria . of fat (g), saturated fat (g), sugar (g) and sodium (mg)/100g content provided by Food Standard Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ). The data comes from the official websites of fast food establishments. Fast food items were categorized into groups of pizza, pasta, salad, side dishes, and drinks and desserts. Most of the nutritional content of fast food items in Canberra has not changed significantly between the two time points, with a consistent trend towards high energy, high fat, saturated fat, sugar and sodium per 100g. Additionally, 69% of fast food products did not meet national benchmark criteria for all nutrients tested. A major reformulation of the menu is required to improve the wholesomeness of the fast food items available in Canberra.

2.60. Assessing the nutritional safety of canola DHA

R. Alhazzaa and R. Reuss

DHA (22:6n-3) plays a role in a variety of physiological functions and is derived from dietary sources such as oily fish and marine oils. Recently raps (cabbages spp.) has been genetically modified (identifier: NS-B50027) to produce DHA in its seeds as a sustainable alternative to wild-caught fish oils. To enable the use of DHA rapeseed oil for human consumption in Australia and New Zealand, FSANZ conducted a comprehensive risk assessment. Published randomized controlled trials in humans were considered and found that DHA intakes of up to 6 g/day for 3 to 15 weeks do not raise safety concerns. This intake has been associated with a decrease in total blood and LDL cholesterol, blood triglycerides, resting heart rate, and blood pressure. Potential side effects have been conflictingly reported in a limited number of studies. Because 6 g/day is above the upper limit (UL) of 3 g/day for n-3 LC-PUFA, a conservative approach was taken and dietary intake estimates were based on the total intake of DHA, DPA, and EPA. Dietary intake estimates for all population groups in Australia and New Zealand were below the UL. Therefore, we conclude that consumption of DHA canola oil in Australia and New Zealand will not pose a nutritional problem.

2.61. Sodium content of processed meats in Australia: supermarket survey data from 2010 to 2017

and sparks¹, K.Trieu¹, C.Farrand¹, C. Davidson², E. Joldeski², J. Reimers³and J Webster¹

A high sodium intake increases blood pressure and thus the risk of cardiovascular disease. Globally, the population consumes more than the maximum recommended amount of 2,000 mg of sodium per day, and in Australia the best estimate is 3,840 mg of sodium per day. In Australia, processed meat accounts for about 10% of the daily dietary sodium intake. This study evaluated the average sodium content of processed meat in 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2017 and calculated the percentage of products meeting Australian Healthy Food Partnership (HFP) targets based on a systematic survey of the four main Australian supermarkets . A total of 2510 products were included. The average sodium content of processed meat in 2017 was 857 mg/100 g (DE 470). The mean sodium content of processed meat did not change overall from 2010 to 2017 (Page= 0.23), although there were significant reductions in sliced ​​bacon and charcuterie (Page< 0,001 JPage= 0.002). In 2017, promisingly, 66% of products were included in the new interim HFP targets, but only 35% of products met their respective targets. These results show the great potential for future reformulation efforts through tightening interim HFP targets and demonstrating technological feasibility.

2.62. Updated Australian Food Composition Database (formerly NUTTAB)

S. Tompsett¹, R. Sobolewski¹, A. Craven¹, D. Ballantyne¹und J. Cunningham²

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) publishes Australia's reference nutrient database, NUTTAB. The database contains information on the nutrient levels in a wide range of foods available in Australia. An updated version was released in October 2018 under the new name Australian Food Composition Database: Version 1. Version 1 is the most up-to-date nutrient reference database for use in Australia. The data is freely available and can be useful for a variety of work areas, including nutritional labeling, nutrition and disease research, education, the food industry and helping consumers make more informed food choices. Version 1 contains nutrient data for 1533 foods and up to 245 nutrients per food. This version includes a number of improvements since the release of the previous NUTTAB 2010 database. These include easier food identification, a large amount of new data, a core set of nutrients for each food, and improved functionality of the online searchable version of the database. Version 1 is available as a searchable online database and as downloadable files. The database and further information are available on the FSANZ website atwww.foodstandards.gov.au.

2.63. Plasma phospholipid levels of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated with depressive actions in the elderly.

a. Alex¹, K. Abbott¹, J. Ferguson¹, M. McEvoy², P. Schofield²and M Garg¹

Dietary intake of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) is believed to improve depressive symptoms. We examined the association between plasma LCn-3PUFA phospholipid composition and measures of depression in the Hunter cohort study. Plasma phospholipids were extracted and fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. The LCn3 PUFA status was calculated as the sum of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). CES-D scores of 17 to 23 were classified as moderate depression and scores ≥ 24 as severe depression. Age, gender and physical activity were taken into account in the statistical evaluation. In totalNorte= 1896 participants (age: 66.0 ± 7.4 years; BMI: 28.8 ± 4.9 kg/m²; female:Norte= 943, 49.7%) were included. Eighty-seven (4.6%) participants had moderate depression whileNorte= 101 (5.3%) had major depression. LCn-3PUFA levels were inversely correlated with CES-D scores (r= −0,07,Page= 0.002). Higher LCPUFAs were associated with a high odds ratio for a low risk of depression (adjusted OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89, 0.99). Participants with major depression had significantly lower LCn-3PUFA than participants without depression (6.70 ± 2.38 vs. 7.28 ± 2.61,Page= 0,029).

LCn-3PUFA status is inversely associated with depression in this sample of elderly people. More research is needed to determine if older people benefit from increased LCn-3PUFA intake to reduce depression.

2.64. Association between plasma phospholipid omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) and anxiety symptoms in the elderly

a. Alex¹, K. Abbott¹, M. McEvoy², P. Schofield²and M Garg¹

Mental stress during aging is associated with increased physical morbidity and mortality, decreased functional status, and increased rates of dementia. We tested the hypothesis that low circulating LCn-3PUFA is associated with higher levels of distress. This is a secondary analysis of older people in the Hunter cohort study. The plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition was measured by gas chromatography. LCn-3PUFA status was determined by adding eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (%,w/w). Distress was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). K10 values ​​from 25 to 29 were classified as moderate exposure; Scores ≥ 30 were classified as severe exposure. The statistical analysis took into account BMI, age, gender, physical activity and diet. In totalNorte= 1896 participants (age 66.0 ± 7.4 years; BMI 28.8 ± 4.9 kg/m²; female,Norte= 943 or 49.7%) were included in the analysis. Fifty-seven (3.0%) of the participants experienced moderate distress during this timeNorte= 36 (1.9%) had severe ailments. Adjusted and unadjusted analyzes showed that lower LCn-3PUFA levels were associated with higher exercise levels (β-adjusted [95% CI]: 0.104 [-0.21; 0.00],Page= 0.050). Moderate and heavy exercise participants had significantly lower LCn-3PUFA levels than those without exercise (6.55 ± 2.75 and 6.04 ± 1.56 versus 7.31 ± 2.62,Page< 0,005).

This study shows an association between low circulating LCn-3PUFA levels and increased distress in the elderly.

2.65. Vitamin D supplement status, intake and use: a comparison of retired villagers and elderly Australians living in private housing

E. Beckett^1,2K. Kaur¹, C. Martin³, Z. Yates⁴, R. Thota⁴, M.Garg⁴, J. Fürst³, P. Jones³, M. Veysey^1,5und M. Lucock³

Vitamin D supplements are often recommended in older people because endogenous synthesis decreases with age. In general, residents of senior villages are believed to lead healthier lifestyles than those living privately. However, differences in vitamin D status between these two groups, which is important for bone health and may be linked to risk of other diseases, have not been studied. We assessed circulating vitamin D (HLPC), vitamin D intake (meal frequency questionnaire, dietary supplement surveys), and osteoporosis prevalence (self-reported) in an older cohort (Norte= 649) according to housing situation (50% live in retirement villages). Mean circulating vitamin D levels were higher in the retired villagers (95 ± 2 vs. 87 ± 2 nmol/L,Page= 0.003), which remained significant when adjusted for BMI, age, sex, income, education, and ambient UV levels prior to sample collection. However, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency did not differ between groups (Page= 0.7). Vitamin D levels obtained from diet or supplements did not differ between groups (Page= 0,3 JPage= 0.06). People with osteoporosis were more likely to take a vitamin D supplement if they lived in a retirement community (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2, 4.5,Page= 0.01). These results may represent higher adherence to recommendations and higher UV exposure in people living in nursing homes.

2.66. The simplified food appetite questionnaire is related to the quality of life of people with dementia

N. M. D’Cunha^1,2, S.Isbel^1,2, BY georgousopoulou^1,2,3, J. had to^1,2, M. Cazador^1,2, A. Lahiuel², AJ McKune^1,2and N. Naumovski^1,2

Loss of appetite has been identified as a common problem in older people that can affect their overall quality of life (QoL). In particular, people with dementia (PLWD) with reduced appetite are at increased risk of weight loss and malnutrition, which may contribute to increased mortality. To examine the relationship between appetite and QoL, 24 persons with disabilities (14 women) aged 84 years (±7.58 ) living in residential care or receiving day care were enrolled. The mean SNAQ score was 15.6 (±1.97) out of a maximum of 20.0, indicating that participants were not at significant risk of weight loss over the next six months. The average score on the DEMQOL was 85.7 out of a possible 112 points, which represents a moderate QoL. Multiple linear regression results showed that increased appetite is associated with a better quality of life (B=3.664, 95% CI: 1.38, 5.95;Page= 0.003) regardless of gender. The SNAQ is a simple tool that can be a useful tool for monitoring the well-being and quality of life of people with disabilities in aged care. Confirmation of these results in larger prospective studies is needed.

2.67. Serum vitamin D concentrations modulate leukocyte telomere length, a marker of aging and age-related diseases in healthy adults: a systematic review

CD. Ferraris

Vitamin D's anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects may reduce the wear and tear of leukocyte telomeres, thereby slowing aging and age-related diseases. To determine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are associated with modulation of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in adults, a search of Medline Complete, CINAHL plus, Cochrane, PubMed and ScienceDirect led to six cross-sectional studies for review after the exclusion and inclusion criteria have been applied. Positive associations between higher serum 25(OH)D levels and longer LTLs were found in four of the six articles reviewed byPage= 0.001 to 0.059 in importance adjusted for stratification strategies and models and unadjusted for confounding factors. Research suggests that maintaining serum 25(OH)D levels above 30 nmol/L but more generally > 50 nmol/L is significantly correlated (Page= 0.01) on the increase in LTL in middle-aged populations and that there is a dose-response relationship. The two studies in which no association was found are characterized by populations with an individual age below 31 years or a mean age above 63.2 years. Research suggests that optimizing vitamin D concentrations, particularly in middle-aged populations, is a potential way to modulate telomere-related aging and/or midlife telomere wear and provides the platform for amplifying the beneficial effects of Deliver vitamin D to telomeres.

2.68. Modulation of diurnal metabolic response: A crossover study to investigate the efficacy of a high-protein meal in improving overnight postmeal glycemic control

R. Davis, CE Huggins, K. Nguo, and M.P. bonham

Eating at night leads to relative hyperglycemia and could be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in people who eat regularly at this time, such as B. Shift workers. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a high-protein meal suppresses postprandial glucose at night compared to a standard high-protein meal. In a crossover design, ten healthy adults completed four acute nutritional challenges. Test meals were taken at 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m.; High protein/low carbohydrate (HP/LC) meal (41% energy from protein, 29% from carbohydrate) or standard isocaloric meal (15% from protein, 46% from carbohydrate). Blood samples were taken on an empty stomach and 3 hours after eating. The Freidman test was performed before the post hoc Wilcoxon sign test; Corrected BonferroniPage-value < 0.0083. The median glucose (IQR) iAUC after the HP/LC meal was similar to that of the standard meal when taken in the morning (12.9 (19.9) vs. 36.4 (99.6) mmol/L. 3 Hours,Page= 0.028). The HP/LC meal elicited a significantly lower glucose iAUC (59.6 (117.0) mmol/L, 3 hr) compared to the control meal (208.8 (154.1) mmol/L, 3 hr). ) off when taken at night (Page= 0.005). A daily variation in response to the test meals was observed. An HP/LC meal is effective in reducing the postprandial glucose excursion observed at dinner compared to a standard meal.

2.69. Age affects appetite suppression and energy intake from high-protein supplements

C. Giezenaar, I. Chapman, M. Horowitz and S. Soenen

Little is known about the appetite-suppressing effects of high-protein dietary supplements in the elderly. The study aimed to determine the effects of carbohydrate and fat substitution and addition to whey protein on appetite, gastric emptying, glucose, gut hormones and energy intake in young and older men. In random order, double-blind, 13 elderly (75 ± 2 years, 26 ± 1 kg/m²) and 13 younger (23 ± 1 years, 24 ± 1 kg/m²) beverages (450 ml) consumed by men containing proteins/carbohydrates/fats: (i) 14 g/28 g/12.4 g (280 kcal/‘M₂₈₀'); (ii) 70 g/28 g/12,4 g (504 kcal/'M₅₀₄'); (iii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/'P₂₈₀'); or (iv) 0g/0g/0g (~2 kcal/"control") on four study days. Appetite (visual analogue scales), gastric emptying (3D ultrasound), concentrations of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (0-180 min) and ad libitum energy intake (180-210 min) determined. The results were analyzed with ANCOVA. Suppression of energy intake by P₂₈₀compared to the control group, it was lower in older men (49 ± 42 kcal increase) than in younger men (100 ± 54 kcal suppression) (Page= 0.038). After all caloric beverages, GLP-1 concentrations increased more in older than in younger men (Page<0.05). During the first phase of gastric emptying (0-60 min), ghrelin was less strongly absorbed by M₂₈₀and hunger was less suppressed by control, M₂₈₀y M₅₀₄, in older than in younger men (Page<0.05). In summary, age affects the suppressive effects of protein-rich beverages on appetite, energy intake, and gut hormones.

2.70. Changes in diet quality during 12 years of follow-up in a representative sample of middle-aged Australian women.

JK Jackson, L. K. MacDonald-Wicks, M. McEvoy und A.J. Patterson

Australia's population is aging, putting them at greater risk of age-related diseases. Poor diet is one of the main risk factors for death in Australia, but little is known about how dietary quality changes as populations age. Women from the 1946-51 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health with completed food frequency questionnaires for 2001 and 2013 were included. Diet quality scores, including recommended food values, were calculated. in Australia (ARFS, maximum score 74), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS, maximum score 17) and the Nutrient-Rich Food Index (NRFI). Pairwise Wilcoxon tests were used to detect changes in food intake and food quality over time. ARFS (32.4 to 32.83; 32.4 to 32.83;Page<0.0001) and NRFI (78.4 to 86.8;Page< 0.0001), showing that 2013 intakes were more in line with Australian Dietary Guidelines and Nutrient Reference Values. Overall MDS scores were low (6.7 to 6.6;Page< 0.0001), indicating misalignment with a Mediterranean dietary pattern. Diet quality improved slightly in a representative sample of Australian women aged 12 and over. There remains significant scope for improvement in diet quality among Australian women.

2.71. Reliability and Validity of the MediCul (Mediterranean Diet and Culinary Index) in Australian Older Adults

S. Radd-Vagenas¹, MA fiatarone singh^1,2, K.Daniel¹, Y.Edel¹, F. O’Leary³, Y. Mavros¹, H. Barbudo⁴und V. M. Flood^1,5

A Mediterranean diet has been linked to several health benefits in chronic diseases. However, no index tool has been developed or validated for a Western population to assess adherence to "traditional" dietary patterns and aspects of cooking. Our aim was to test the reliability and validity of the 50-point MediCul in older Australians. Participants were recruited from the 45 and Up study as part of the Keep Your Brain validation study from January to March 2017 and completed MediCul twice online. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman graphs. Validity was tested with a 3-day Food Diary (FR) using the Research Food Diary app. Participant (Norte=84; 59.5% women) were 65.4 years old (SD = 5.9) and overweight (BMI 26.1; SD = 4.0). The mean MediCul scores at two time points (n = 74) were 55.9/100.0 and 56.5/100.0, respectively. According to the ICC, MediCul had a very good reliability (ICC = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.796, 0.914,Page< 0.0001) and Bland-Altman plots. For validity purposes, Bland-Altman stated that MediCul overstated the score by 5.4 points versus RF, but with no evidence of systematic bias (y = 8.46 − 0.06*x) (95% CI: −0.275; 0.155;Page= 0.582). MediCul has very good reliability and moderate validity for assessing adherence to a "traditional" Mediterranean pattern in older adults.

2.72. Plant diversity, harmful falls, and fracture risk in older women: a prospective cohort study.

M.Sim¹, L.C. Blekkenhorst^1,2, JR Lewis^1,2,3, C. P. Bondonno^1,2, A. Devine¹, K.Zhu^2,4, R. J. Lumberjack⁵, RL Prinz^2,4und J. M. Hodgson^1,2

The importance of plant diversity to the risk of falls and fractures is not clear. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between plant diversity with falls and fractures leading to hospitalization in a prospective cohort of elderly Australian women (Norte= 1429, ≥70 years). Plant diversity was quantified by evaluating the number of different types of vegetables consumed each day. Vegetable intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (1998). Over a 14.5 year period, falls with injuries (events = 568, 39.7%) and fractures (events = 404, 28.3%) were recorded using linked hospital records. In Cox regression models with multivariate adjustment, women with greater vegetable variety (by increasing another vegetable/d) had a lower relative risk of falling (8%;Page= 0.02) and fractures (9%;Page= 0.03). A significant interaction for falls was observed between daily vegetable variety (number/day) and total vegetable consumption (75 g servings/day) (p_interaction= 0.03) and fractures (p_interaction<0.001). The greatest benefit of greater vegetable variety was found in a third of women with the lowest vegetable intake (<2.2 servings/day; HR dips 0.83 95% CI: 0.71, 0.98; fractures HR 0.74 95% CI: 0.62, 0.89). Increasing the variety of vegetables, especially in older women with low vegetable consumption, can be an effective way to reduce the risk of falls and fractures.

2.73. Effects of exercise and calcium-vitamin D-fortified milk on quality of life and depressive symptoms in older men: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

SJ Torres, J. Matthews, C.M. Milte, I. Hopkins, S. Kukuljan, CA Nowson und R. M. Daly

We have previously shown that a 12-month compound exercise program independent of calcium-vitamin D₃Nutritional supplement, improves bone mineral density, muscle mass, strength and function in older men. Building on this, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the intervention on health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and depressive symptoms. This was a 12-month, factorial-design, randomized controlled trial in which 180 healthy males, aged 50-79 years, were assigned to four groups: exercise + fortified milk, exercise, fortified milk, or controls. The training consisted of high-intensity resistance training with weight-bearing exercises (3 × 60-75 min/week). Men allocated fortified milk consumed 400 mL/day low-fat milk with 1,000 mg/day calcium and 800 IU/day vitamin D.₃. HRQoL and depressive symptoms were assessed using the SF-36 and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, respectively, at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. There were no interactions between exercise and calcium-vitamin D or major effects of exercise and calcium-vitamin D on any measure of HR-QoL or depressive symptoms. This suggests that, despite significant improvements in muscle and bone health, a multicomponent exercise program or calcium and vitamin D supplementation, alone or in combination, has no impact on health-related quality of life or depressive symptoms in healthy older men who live in the community.

2.74. Modification of the Mediterranean diet for an Australian population: cardiovascular and cognitive outcomes of the MedDairy study

A. Vadear¹, Curriculum Vitae Davis¹, K. A. Pintor¹, JM Hodgson², R. J. Lumberjack³, I HAD. keage¹und K. J. Murphy¹

A traditional Mediterranean diet does not meet the calcium recommendations for older Australians, which can limit long-term sustainability. The MedDairy study examined whether a dairy-supplemented MedDiet could provide older Australians with adequate calcium while improving markers of cardiovascular health, cognitive function and mood. A randomized, controlled, parallel crossover design compared a MedDiet supplemented with 3 to 4 daily servings of dairy products (MedDairy) to a low-fat (LF) control diet. Forty-one participants with cardiovascular risk factors completed each nutritional intervention for eight weeks. Home systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, cognitive function, psychological well-being, and diet compliance. Compared to LF, MedDairy increased calcium intake (mean difference = 1.0 ± 0.2 servings,Page< 0.001) and led to improvements in morning blood pressure at home (mean difference = -1.6 ± 0.6 mmHg,Page= 0.01), triglycerides (mean difference = −0.05 ± 0.02 mmol/L,Page< 0.01) HDL (mean difference = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol/L,Page=< 0.01) and the relationship between total cholesterol and HDL (mean difference = −0.4 ± 0.10 mmol/L,Page=<0.001). Significant improvements in response time were also observed (Page= 0.04) and self-reported mood (Page= 0.01). Our results suggest that the MedDiet can be modified to provide adequate calcium for an older Australian population while improving markers of cardiovascular health, cognitive function and mental well-being.

2.75. Proximal colon crypt hyperplasia is reduced with emu oil in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

LC Chartier^1,2, K.E. Maiolo^1,2, G. S. Howarth^1,2,3, D. Trinder⁴, IC Lorenzo⁴und S. Mashtoub^1,2,4

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Persistent inflammation stimulates uncontrolled elongation of crypts, leading to the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC). Emu oil (EO), derived from the fat of the Australian emu, has protected the gut and promoted repair in preclinical models. Our aim was to determine the impact of long-term treatment with EO on colon cell proliferation in normal mice and in a CA-CRC model. Female C57BL/6 mice were injected with saline or azoxymethane (7.4 mg/kg) and given three cycles of dextran sodium sulfate/water (DSS; 2%w/v). Mice were gavaged with water or EO three times per week. Colon sections were stained with H&E for quantitative measurements and immunohistochemically (Ki-67) stained for proliferation.Page<0.05 was considered significant. Colonic crypt depth and cell counts were increased in CA-CRC compared to normal controls (Page<0.01). Cell size and percentage of Ki-67 positive cells were generally unaffected (Page> 0.05). Proximal colon cell proliferation was increased in CA-CRC controls and was attenuated by EO treatment. Cell proliferation of the distal colon was increased in the upper part of the crypts in CA-CRC compared to normal controls. The lengthening of the crypt in CA-CRC is due to hyperplasia. EO attenuated cell proliferation of the proximal colon in CA-CRC mice and did not affect gut growth in normal mice, indicating its safety for long-term use.

2.76. Nutritional Physical Examination: Training students and professionals through simulation

M. Nahikian-Nelms, S.E. Doetsch, K Garrison, R Wehner, AM. Bittoni y K. Roberts

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of an educational workshop with patient simulation on students' and dieticians' perceived knowledge and confidence in the assessment of malnutrition. A secondary aim of this research was to assess the participants' ability to correctly diagnose malnutrition. After attending a face-to-face lecture on the subject of malnutrition, the participants (Norte= 125) participated in a workshop that included (1) small group sessions on NFPE, (2) practicing NFPE on a partner, and (3) applying NFPE and malnutrition diagnosis to simulated cases with trained actors. The trainers gave feedback after each simulation. Participants completed pre- and post-assessment surveys on perceived knowledge and confidence in performance. a matchedt-Test of rated changes in survey ratings. Descriptive statistics were used to measure students' accuracy on the etiology and severity of malnutrition. Improved perceived knowledge and confidence on all items except functional assessment after workshop (Page<0.001). After feedback, the diagnostic accuracy of etiology and severity improved by 18% and 5%, respectively. Perceived knowledge, confidence, and ability to accurately diagnose malnutrition increased with practice and feedback. Findings highlight the impact of an experiential workshop on teaching NFPE and provide guidance for future training.

2.77. Can nut consumption improve nutritional status in older adults at risk of malnutrition?

S-Y. So¹, S.L. Tey²y R. Brown²

According to the United Nations, in 2015, 12.5% ​​of the world's population was aged 60 or over. Older adults are at greater risk of malnutrition, which negatively impacts their well-being, health and quality of life. Improving food intake is key to preventing and treating malnutrition. This review examines the role of walnuts in improving dietary intake in older adults. Although walnuts have been shown to be effective in reversing malnutrition in children and pregnant women in developing countries, there has been a distinct lack of research examining the role of walnuts in older populations at risk of malnutrition. The health effects of nuts have so far been proven primarily in people who are overfed and at risk of metabolic diseases. The benefits of nuts in these populations have been attributed to satiety-promoting properties and lower than expected energy availability, suggesting that nuts may not be useful in treating malnutrition. However, changing the physical forms of nuts and addressing variety and timing of consumption can overcome these barriers and make nuts and nut products suitable for improving nutritional intake and health in adults. This conceptual framework needs to be tested in future intervention studies.

2.78. Fiber characterization using a rapid in vitro fermentation model

D. Then¹, C. K. Yao¹, N. Pillai², R. Singh^1,3, P. Gibson^1,4and J Muir¹

The clinical value of certain fibers depends in part on their fermentation properties, which are traditionally assessed by prolonged in vitro incubations. This study aimed to use a new model that rapidly and dynamically assesses fermentation over 4 h to compare the fermentability of known and new fibers. Fibers (1 g) were added to fresh fecal sludge from healthy participants (Norte= 3) and fermented for 4 h in chambers under anaerobic conditions. Substrates included known and new fibers, almond xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS-A) and sugarcane fiber (SCF). Endpoints included total gas production and changes in pH. Mean gas production over 4 hours was higher for fructooligosaccharides (FOS; 76 ± 26 ml/g), followed by corn derivatives XOS (xylooligosaccharides; 66 ± 3), inulin (47), XOS-A (26 ± 8), partially hydrolyzed guar gum (16) and SCF (3±1). Differences were noted for FOS vs. SCF (Page= 0,01; LSD de Fisher sin corregir), XOS vs. SCF (Page= 0,01) und FOS vs. XOS-A (Page= 0.02). All dietary fiber reduced fecal pH from baseline in proportion to gas production. This model confirmed that fiber chain length affects fermentability, but also clearly showed that the fermentability of XOS depends on its source and SCF is minimally fermentable. Extending the results to the spectrum of individual gases can provide additional information about the behavior of fibers in vivo.

2.79. Effect of whole foods and dietary patterns on markers of subclinical inflammation in obese and overweight weight-stable adults: a systematic review of the literature.

S. Cowan, E. Leeming, A. Sinclair, A. Dordevic, H. Truby und S. Gibson

The reduction of subclinical inflammation is a potential target for the treatment of chronic diseases. Obesity is a known modifier of meta-inflammation; However, the influence of dietary factors is less clear. This review reviews the evidence from human studies assessing the effects of whole foods or dietary patterns on circulating markers of inflammation in weight-stable overweight and obese adults. It is the first review to examine the effect of diet on inflammation independent of changes in obesity. This review was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and data sources included Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Twenty-eight studies evaluating the effect of 17 different foods and dietary patterns on 38 markers of inflammation were included. Overall, whole foods and dietary patterns were found to have no significant impact on inflammatory markers in weight-stable overweight and obese adults. While whole grains, soy, dairy, citrus, nuts and chocolate, ginger, and diets high in total antioxidant capacity showed the potential to improve inflammatory profiles, conflicting results made it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Features of the study design that contribute to these contradictions are discussed and recommendations for future research in this area are presented.

2.80. Variations in saturated fatty acid chain length affect postprandial lipemia

N. Panth¹, C. Take¹, K-J. Wyne², H. Singh³and M Garg¹

Saturated fatty acids of different chain lengths are metabolized differently, but their effects on blood lipids are not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of medium-chain (MC-SFA) and long-chain (LC-SFA) saturated fatty acids on postprandial lipemia. After an overnight fast, healthy volunteers consumed biscuits containing 40 g of butter (BB), coconut oil (CB), or lard (LB) in a randomized crossover study with a minimum washout period of 7 days between treatments. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after meals and analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C ) examined. and triglycerides (TG). . Sixteen participants (male/female, 8/8; BMI, 23.7 ± 2.8; age, 26.2 ± 8.4) completed the study. The postprandial TG response, as determined by area under the curve (AUC), was 59.8% lower after CB than after BB (Page< 0.01) and 58.8% lower than LB (Page<0.01). The net AUC for LDL-C was significantly higher after CB compared to BB consumption, although there was no difference in the net AUC for TC and HDL-C. Consumption of MC-SFA resulted in lower postprandial TG concentrations compared to LC-SFA, suggesting that dietary source rather than saturated fat content determines their lipemic responses.

2.81. Association between nutritional status and mortality in adult chronic kidney disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis in a Philippine provincial hospital

D.C.D. Round-Samin^1,2,3,4,5and C.S. Bernardo⁶

Malnutrition, which is an independent determinant of mortality, is common in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and mortality in hemodialysis patients in a provincial hospital in the Philippines. Twenty-nine hemodialysis patients recruited between 2010 and 2012 were included in this prospective study. Assessments of baseline nutritional status, including modified subjective global assessment, body mass index (BMI), serum creatinine and anthropometric measurements, and mortality rate were monitored . Patients with below-average triceps skin folds (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC), and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) had higher mortality rates. The increase in BMI correlates with a decrease in mortality as no overweight patient died, while 35% with normal BMI and 42.8% with low weight died. It was also found that those with lower creatinine levels had higher mortality rates. Survival analyzes showed that a serum creatinine level of 10.1 to 15.01 mg/dL was associated with a lower risk of mortality (Page= 0.046). None of the patients with normal nutritional status died, while 50% with subnormal nutritional status died within two years. Early assessment of nutritional status is recommended to prevent the development or progression of malnutrition during hemodialysis, which can reduce mortality rates.

2.82. Assessment of nutritional adequacy and improvement in symptoms while administering the low-FODMAP diet in people with irritable bowel syndrome

K. M. Roberts, M. L. Nahikian-Nelms, K. S. Al-Muhanna, J. Clutter, K. Corfman und J. Richards

The aim of this study is to define the duration of the elimination phase for symptom relief and to assess the nutritional adequacy of a low-FODMAP diet. The subjects attended a nutritionist-led training course before initiating a 6-week low-FODMAP diet. Subjects completed IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS) questionnaires, nutritional assessments, and diet adherence questionnaires throughout the study. Complete data were available for 15 of 35 subjects. All school subjects (Norte= 15) had a clinical response (50-point reduction in IBS-SSS) with most symptom improvements between baseline and week two (Norte= 13;Page= 0.001). There was a statistically significant reduction in grams of carbohydrates (Page= 0.031), grains (Page= 0.048) and dairy products (Page= 0.010) during a low-FODMAP diet. Several micronutrients (calcium, iron, folic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin D) were below the recommended daily allowance in >75% of subjects, although many of these deficiencies were present at baseline. The failure rate was high (71%). Our results support that a two-week FODMAP washout may be optimal to achieve symptom relief. The high dropout rate and poor adherence underscore the need to assess and report diet adherence in future interventions to gain insight into the effectiveness of a low-FODMAP diet.

2.83. An anti-inflammatory post-exercise meal improves the reduction of exercise-induced airway inflammation in adults with asthma

K. McDiarmid^1,2, J. W. Upham³, LG Wood¹, L. MacDonald-Wicks², N. Shivappa^4,5, JR Herbert^4,5y H. A. Scott^1,3

Exercise appears to reduce airway inflammation in adults with asthma. Food intake also affects airway inflammation. The Dietary Inflammation Index (DII) quantifies the inflammatory potential of diet and has been linked to the outcome of asthma. The aim of this study was to quantify the DII of a post-exercise meal and determine whether this affects changes in airway inflammation in adults with asthma. Adults with stable asthma were randomized to the intervention (30 to 45 minutes of exercise on a stationary bike,Norte= 38) or control (30 min break,Norte= 18) groups. A self-selected meal was eaten two hours after the intervention; The energy-adjusted DII was calculated and used to classify participants into an "anti-inflammatory" or "pro-inflammatory" group. Airway inflammation (eosinophils in sputum) was measured the day before and four hours after the procedure. After exercise, sputum eosinophils decreased by −0.5 (−2.0, 0.3)% in the anti-inflammatory group and increased by 0.5 (0, 3.0)% in the pro-inflammatory group (Page= 0.012). In contrast, in the control group, the DII meal had no effect on the change in sputum eosinophils (Page= 0.845). Combining an anti-inflammatory meal with exercise reduced sputum eosinophils compared to an anti-inflammatory meal without exercise [0.5 (0.3; 2.5)%,Page= 0.011). Eating an anti-inflammatory meal two hours after exercise increases the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in adults with asthma.

2.84. A higher omega-3 index is associated with better asthma control

I. Stoodley^1,2, M.Garg³, H Scott^1,3, L. Macdonald-Wicks², B. Berthon^1,3and L. Wood^1,3

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and is also associated with systemic inflammation. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) have proven anti-inflammatory effects and therefore have the potential to be beneficial in asthma. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between LCn-3PUFA and clinical outcomes in asthma. adults with (Norte= 217) and without asthma (Norte= 101) blood was drawn. Lung function was measured and Juniper Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) scores were calculated. Fatty acids were measured in the erythrocyte membranes by gas chromatography and the omega-3 index (O3I) (% eicosapentaenoic acid + % docosahexaenoic acid) was calculated. A higher O3I was observed in patients with controlled or partially controlled asthma (ACQ < 1.5) than in patients with uncontrolled asthma (ACQ ≥ 1.5) [6.1 (5.4-7.3) vs. 5, 6 (4.9-6.4)Page= 0.014]. This study shows that controlled asthma is associated with a higher O3I, suggesting that LCn-3PUFAs may play a role in asthma control. However, intervention studies are needed to confirm our observations and to investigate the optimal O3I required to achieve improvements in asthma outcomes.

2.85. The anticancer properties of krill oil are linked to the intrinsic apoptotic pathway

A. G. Jayathilake¹, K. Nurgali¹, R. Luwor²and X. Q. also¹

Currently available chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with side effects. Effective nutraceuticals with high anticancer efficacy and few side effects are desirable. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer properties of krill oil (KO), a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on human CRC cells.

Human CRC cell lines DLD-1, HT-29 and LIM-2405 were treated with the free fatty acid (FFAE) extract of KO, EPA and DHA for 24 h and 48 h. The effects of the treatments on cell proliferation, mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using commercial kits. The expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 after the treatments was determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. KO, EPA, and DHA FFAEs significantly inhibited cell proliferation in all three cell lines and reduced ROS formation. Treatments with the KO FFAEs, EPA and DHA (2:1) led to a significant increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential (Page<0.01). Furthermore, the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 was significantly increased in all cell lines after FFAE treatment.

The results of this study demonstrate the antiproliferative effect of KO in connection with the activation of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway.

2.86. The influence of dietary fiber intake on inflammatory markers in adolescents

O.G. Sauber¹, M. Kilpatrick¹, M. Breslin¹, T. O'Sullivan², L. Beilin³, T. Mori³and W.H. Rare¹

Higher fiber intake may be beneficial in reducing chronic inflammation, with reductions in inflammatory markers and improvements in inflammatory conditions associated with high fiber intake. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between dietary fiber intake and the inflammatory markers highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and leptin and anti-inflammatory adiponectin in 17-year-olds from the Western Australia (Raine) Pregnancy Cohort study. (Norte= 677) using Tobit and linear regression. After excluding subjects with hs-CRP > 10 mg/L, higher fiber intake was associated with lower concentrations of log hs-CRP (β = −0.01), log leptin (β = −0.02), and adiponectin (β = -) associated 0.04) before adjustment for energy consumption. Female gender and oral contraceptive use were associated with higher levels of CRP, leptin, and adiponectin. Increased BMI was associated with higher hs-CRP and lower leptin and adiponectin levels. Lower levels of hs-CRP, leptin, and adiponectin were observed with increasing energy intake. Increased physical activity was associated with decreases in hs-CRP, leptin, and adiponectin. Associations between dietary fiber and hs-CRP, leptin, and adiponectin were attenuated by adjusting energy intake, suggesting that alternative factors associated with energy intake contribute to the association. Our results indicate that physical activity may play a greater role than diet, with the highest correlations being with hs-CRP, leptin, and adiponectin.

2.87. Agreement among markers for population iodine status: a systematic review

M. Wassie¹, P. Middleton^2,3y S. J. Zhou^1,2

Iodine deficiency in the population is reported by > 3% of the population with a neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration > 5 mIU/L, a median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) < 100 µg/L, or a goiter prevalence >5% school-age children. However, concordance between these markers has not been systematically studied. We performed a systematic search for studies published in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO. Studies that assessed population iodine status using the TSH marker and MUIC or the prevalence of goiter in school-age children were included. From 15,619 identified data sets, 56 eligible studies were included in the review. The agreement between markers when categorizing the iodine status of populations was 64% for studies that classified iodine status based on TSH and MUIC and 83% for studies that classified iodine status. Iodine as a function of TSH and the prevalence of goiter. The TSH marker had a sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.50 compared to MUIC and 0.86 and 0.50 compared to goiter prevalence. The TSH marker was more consistent with goiter prevalence than MUIC in classifying the iodine status of populations. A reassessment of the criteria based on the different markers used to classify the iodine status of populations is warranted.

2.88. Association between diet variety and depressive symptoms in urban older adults

K. Yamamoto¹, K. Motokawa², Y. Takahiro¹, Y.Tomohiro¹and W. Yutaka²

Depressive symptoms in the elderly pose a serious problem that requires new methods to improve it. Importantly, depressive symptoms have been associated with dietary food intake and eating patterns in adolescence. Therefore, in this study, we examined the association between dietary variety and depressive symptoms to determine the feasibility of screening older people with a tendency to develop depressive symptoms by simply assessing their eating habits. A survey was conducted among older residents in urban areas (Norte= 1326). It was a cross-sectional study. Depressive symptoms and dietary variety were assessed using the General Depression Scale and the Dietary Variety Score (DVS; a 10-item food frequency questionnaire), respectively. The relationship between the DVS tertile category and depressive symptoms was examined using multivariable logistic regression. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios for depressive symptoms were 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.62-1.22) and 0.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.91) for participants in the DVS, respectively category compared to those in the lowest category (Pagefor Trend = 0.004). Therefore, regular consumption of a balanced diet may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms among older residents of urban areas.

2.89. Effects of acute changes in fermentable fiber intake on fermentation and regional colonic transit in patients with latent ulcerative colitis.

CK Yao, R. Burgell, K. Taylor, M. Ward, A. Friedman, J. Barrett, J. Muir und P. Gibson

Decreased fermentation in the colon has been described in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis (UC). Acute fluctuations in fiber intake can affect such defects, but these are poorly studied. Therefore, our aim was to define colonic fermentation in resting UC patients after acute fluctuations in fiber intake. In a randomized crossover study, 15 patients with inactive ulcerative colitis and nine controls were recruited. After a 7-day trial period, subjects received two meals high (13 g) or low (<1 g) in fermentable fiber before ingesting a wireless pH motility capsule. Three days after taking the capsule, the subjects then switched to the other diet. Endpoints were diet-associated differences in colonic transit time (CTT) and regional pH. Overall (mean 6.3 (95% CI: 6.0-6.5) vs. 6.9 (6.5-7.2);Page= 0.02) and pH of the distal colon (8.2 (8.0-8.5) vs. 7.7 (7.4-8.0);Page= 0.04) were reduced in controls on high-fiber diets compared to low-fiber diets. In patients with ulcerative colitis, only cecal pH decreased after high fiber intake (5.2 (5.0-5.4) vs. 5.6 (5.3-5.7) low);Page= 0.001). Differences in CTT between diets were not observed in any of the cohorts, but subgroup analysis in UC patients showed very heterogeneous responses to a high-fiber diet. In conclusion, in contrast to controls, patients with quiescent UC may exhibit abnormalities in the motility and functional capacity of the gut microbiota.

2.90. Is milk consumption in adults associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms? A systematic review of the literature of observational studies

M. Hockey, A. McGuinness, W. Marx, T. Rocks, F.N. Jacka y A. Ruusunen

Diet is an important modifiable risk factor for depression. However, the link between milk consumption and depression is unclear. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence for the association between milk consumption and depressive and anxiety symptoms. A systematic search of the CINAHL, Cochrane, MEDLINE complete, EMBASE, Scopus and PsycINFO databases was conducted from the beginning of the database to February 2018. Case-control, cohort, or cross-sectional studies reporting the association between dairy consumption (whole dairy, milk, yogurt, or cheese) and depression or anxiety in adults. Thirteen Studies (Norte= 7 cohort,Norte= 6 cross-sections), including a total of 58,220 participants, were identified; 38% indicated no connection. Statistically significant inverse associations have been reported (Norte= 4) between the intake of low-fat dairy products, milk, yogurt and whole grain yogurt and depression. In contrast, positive associations have been reported (Norte= 5) between intake of dairy products, milk, yogurt, low-fat yogurt and cheese and depression. Gender was identified as a potential effect modifier of this association. No studies reported milk consumption and anxiety. This is the first review to examine the association between milk consumption and depressive and anxiety symptoms. The evidence points to a link, although conflicting results make firm conclusions difficult. Future interventions are needed to determine the direction of these associations.

2.91. Diet patterns and associations with psychological distress: a study of college nurses.

S.Khalesi and S.Williams

Studying undergraduate nursing is physically and mentally demanding, and the nature of your clinical activities can involve a high level of psychological distress that affects academic achievement and well-being. Many college students engage in unhealthy diets and behaviors, and for nurses, this can further impair cognitive functioning, mental health, and psychological distress. This cross-sectional study examined associations between dietary habits and psychological distress in a cohort of nursing students (Norte= 321). Dietary patterns were inferred from a food frequency questionnaire using explanatory factor analysis. Psychological distress was assessed using the depression, anxiety and stress scale. Associations were analyzed using linear regression controlled for sociodemographic variables. Compared to the Australian dietary guidelines, students had lower consumption of fruit (1.7 ± 2.0) and vegetables (3.2 ± 2.7) and consumption of food choices (3.7 ± 3.4 ) in older people. Three dietary patterns were extracted: "Western", "Australian" and "Healthy". The "Western" diet pattern (overloaded with processed foods, fat, sugar, and salt) was associated with increased depression (OR: 5.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 10.4) and stress (OR: 4.7, 95 % CI: 0.8, 9.4) points. Overall, poor dietary habits among nursing students were associated with an increased risk of mental distress. Interventions to improve nursing student nutritional intake can improve their mental health, well-being, and academic performance.

2.92. The effect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis

with marx¹, M.Carril¹, T. Rocks¹, A. Ruusunen¹, A. Loughman¹, A. Lopresti², S.Marshall³, M. Berk^4,5, F jacket^1,6,7and O. Dean^4,5,8

Safran (Crocus sativus l.) has gained interest as a possible treatment in psychiatry. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of relevant databases identified randomized controlled trials investigating the use of saffron supplements for depression and anxiety. When sufficient outcome data were available, data were pooled using meta-analysis. Twenty-Three Studies (Norte= 1237 participants) were included. Saffron had a large positive effect size compared to placebo for depressive symptoms (g=0.99, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.37,Page< 0.001) and anxiety symptoms (g = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.27, 1.63;Page<0.001). Saffron also had a large positive effect size when used as an adjunct to antidepressants for depressive symptoms (g=1.23, 95% CI 0.13, 2.33,Page= 0.028). Compared to antidepressants, there was no significant difference between the groups for depressive symptoms (g = -0.17, 95% CI: 0, -0.50, 0.17,Page= 0.33). Egger's regression test revealed evidence of publication bias. Preliminary evidence suggests that saffron may be an effective and well-tolerated intervention for symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, due to evidence of publication bias, lack of regional diversity, and methodological limitations of existing studies, further studies are needed.

2.93. Effects of a highly bioavailable curcumin extract on mood and memory in healthy older adults: a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

A. Scholey, KHM Cox, A. Pipingas und D. White

We have previously reported that 4-week dosing of a highly bioavailable curcumin extract (Longvida™) improves working memory and reduces fatigue and stress reactivity in older Australian adults. This follow-up study (ACTRN12616000484448) aimed to determine if similar effects were evident after 12 weeks of administration of the same extract. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 80 participants aged 50 to 80 years (mean = 68.1, SD 6.34) were randomized to daily administration of Longvida™ (400 mg with 80 mg curcumin) or placebo. Assessment at baseline and then at 4 and 12 weeks included measures of cognitive performance, mood, neuroimaging, cardiovascular function and other blood biomarkers. Compared to the placebo group, the curcumin group had significantly lower scores on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) dimensions of fatigue at 4 and 12 weeks and tension, anger, confusion, and total mood disorder alone at 4 weeks. . The curcumin group also had significantly better working memory performance as measured by Serial Threes, Serial Sevens, and Virtual Water Maze scores at 12 weeks. Curcumin has also been linked to better performance on a pattern separation task. These results confirm that Longvida™ improves aspects of mood and working memory in a healthy elderly population.

2.94. Dietary supplementation with curcumin and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces insulin-related Alzheimer's risk markers: a randomized controlled trial

RN thota¹, J. Rosato¹, T. Burrows¹, C. Take², R.Martin²and M Garg¹

A growing body of molecular evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share a common pathophysiology, particularly pathways that involve insulin resistance. This study evaluated the effects of curcumin and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) supplementation on insulin-related risk markers (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β, and islet amyloid polypeptide). , IAPP). AD in people at high risk for type 2 diabetes. A randomized, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Participants received placebo, or curcumin, or fish oil, or curcumin plus fish oil, for 12 weeks. Plasma levels of GSK-3β and IAPP were determined by ELISA assays. After the intervention, the plasma levels of GSK-3β (−2.4 ± 0.4 ng/ml), IAPP (−2.0 ± 0.8 ng/ml) and HOMA2-IR (−0.3 ± 0. 08) reduced in the CC group (Page<0.05). FO supplementation resulted in a similar significant reduction in GSK-3β (-2.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL) and IAPP (-2.4 ± 0.8 ng/mL) compared to the PL group (Page<0.05). The combined treatment (CC + FO) resulted in a greater reduction (-3.2 ± 0.8 ng/mL) in IAPP; However, the reduction in GSK-3β (2.5 ± 0.7 ng/mL) was similar to the CC and FO treatments. Dietary supplementation with curcumin and/or LCn-3PUFA reduces IAPP and GSK-3β, suggesting a potential role for these bioactive compounds in AD prevention in high-risk individuals.

2.95. An In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Study: Effect of Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharide Interventions on Brain Metabolites in Piglets

B. Money¹, H.X. Wang¹, Y. Chen¹, Z.Haque¹, M. de Veer²y G.Egan²

Breast milk contains high concentrations and variety of sialylated oligosaccharides that have multifunctional health benefits; however, its potential role in optimizing neurodevelopment through modulation of brain metabolites and neurotransmitters remains unknown. Piglets were randomly assigned to one of three groups and fed Standard Sow Milk Replacement (SMR) only (Norte= 15), SMR supplemented with sialylactose (SL,Norte= 16) or a combination of SL and 6'-sialyllactosamine (SL/SLA,Norte= 15) for 35 days. Brain spectra were recorded using a 3T-MRS system at short and long echo times (TE = 35 ms and 270 ms). It was observed that the piglets fed sialylated milk oligosaccharides (SMO) significantly increased the absolute levels of myo-inositol (Ins) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx), especially in the SL group. Similar results were found for the relative amounts of these metabolites calculated as ratios of creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA), respectively (Page<0.05). There were significant positive correlations of frontal lobe Ins, glutathione (Glth), NAA, total NAA (TNAA), total Cho (TCo), scyllo-inositol (SI), and total Cr (TCr) with total white matter volume (Page<0.01) in TE270. Milk SMOs can alter many key brain metabolites and neurotransmitters required to optimize neurodevelopment in piglets, an animal model of human infants.

2.96. Effects of cross-gender hormonal treatment on body composition, metabolic parameters, and docosahexaenoic acid levels in transgender individuals

K. Abad^1,2, K-J. Wyne^3,4,5, J. Luu³, L. Wood^2,5and M Garg^1,2

Cross-sex hormone (CSH) treatment facilitates gender change in transgender people. Sex hormones affect the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and modulate body composition and endogenous metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The aim of this pilot study is to investigate the effects of CSH treatment on body composition and cardiometabolic parameters during the first six months of CSH treatment. In total,Norte= 23 (M2F:Norte= 11; F2M:Norte= 12) participants (age: 24.9 ± 9.4 years; BMI: 27.4 ± 7.6 kg/m²) were recruited from the Endocrine Clinic at John Hunter Hospital (Newcastle, Australia). Measurements were recorded at baseline, three and six months. Body composition was measured by DEXA and erythrocyte fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. M2F treatment decreased skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in three (−0.94 ± 1.1 kg,Page= 0.041) and six (−3.05 ± 1.8 kg,Page= 0.047) months and increase in body fat mass (+2.75 ± 0.6 kg,Page= 0.003) after six months. F2M increased SMM (+2.7kg ± 2.1kg,Page= 0.025) at three and six (+4.20 ± 1.9 kg,Page= 0.003) months. After three months, testosterone decreased and estrogen increased erythrocyte DHA. CSH treatment alters CVD risk parameters (body composition, metabolic profile, and erythrocyte DHA). Longer-term follow-up studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to determine the long-term effects of CSH treatment on T2D and CVD risk.

2.97. In vitro study of sweet cherry extract

ML Black Hall¹, R. Baya¹, K. Ahuja², D. P. Geraghty²and J.T. Paredes¹

Inflammation is considered a precursor to many diseases, and water-soluble flavonoids (such as anthocyanins) are involved in reducing the risk of this disease. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sweet cherry anthocyanins (SCAs) can reduce the release of inflammatory mediators from RAW267.4 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Cells were first treated with SCA to understand the effects of concentration on cell toxicity and inflammatory markers. Levels of the inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-10 and GM-CSF were observed. After treatment with 10, 50 and 100 mM SCA, cell viability was 113 ± 0.65, 113 ± 1.31 and 99 ± 0.63%, respectively, compared to the untreated control (100 ± 0.24%). These results show that up to 100 mM SCA did not adversely affect cell growth. In addition, secretion of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated cells was significantly reduced when treated with SCA. The IL-10 concentration of treated cells was 69.6% lower than that of untreated cells (Page= 0.015), while the concentration of GM-CSF in the treated cells was 46% lower (Page= 0.0007). Observations from in vitro studies suggest that SCAs inhibit macrophage production of GM-CSF at the cellular level, which has implications for understanding the mechanism of anti-inflammatory.

2.98. Influence of exercise management on fasting plasma homocysteine ​​concentration in long-distance runners

A. Shinagawa, A. Minematsu, T. Yamazaki, R. Furuki, Y. Miyakoshi, T. Yano und M. Ota

Recently, plasma homocysteine ​​(Hcy) concentration has attracted attention as an indicator of bone quality. Plasma Hcy concentration has been reported to change with diet and exercise; However, previous studies of athletes lacked consistency. This study was conducted to investigate differences in plasma Hcy during exercise management under specific dietary conditions.

The subjects in this study included six college distance runners. During the exercise management period, running training was restricted, while in the non-management period, running was carried out as usual. Dietary energy and methionine levels were set at 2100 ± 100 kcal and ≤ 2000 mg, respectively, for both periods. Fasting blood samples were collected from all subjects. For statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon signed rank test with SPSS (Ver. 24) was performed (Page<0.05). Plasma Hcy concentrations during the treatment and non-treatment periods were 4.37 and 7.28 nmol/mL, respectively. The feeding conditions were kept constant; Plasma Hcy concentration was significantly lower when exercise was regulated than when it was not. Because the daily diet and exercise intensity of athletes differ from that of typical adults, it is necessary to adjust the diet and exercise conditions to measure plasma Hcy concentrations in athletes.

2.99. Pure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3FA) are associated with increased plasma levels of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) in a short-term study in women

L.Ge¹, R. A. Gibson¹, D. Die², X. - F. Guo²und A. J. Sinclair^3,4

CMPF is a metabolite of furan fatty acids (FurFA) that is present in plasma and excreted in urine. furFAs are widespread in nature, especially in fish. A diet high in fish and fish oil has been associated with significant increases in plasma CMPF levels; therefore, CMPF may be an excellent plasma biomarker for fish/fish oil intake. We measured plasma CMPF levels in 10 healthy women who consumed 1 g daily for six days of pure eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or olive oil in a crossover study. Post-collection plasma n-3FA and CMPF levels were measured on blood blot technology cards followed by GC-FID and GCLC-MS/MS. After six days there was a significant increase in plasma levels of EPA, DPA and DHA (Page<0.05). No significant changes in n-3FA were detected in the olive oil treatment phase. Plasma CMPF levels were significantly increased after only six days of treatment with n-3FA, but not with olive oil: increases (Day 6/Day 0) were 0.82-fold with olive oil treatment, compared to 1.77-fold. fold for EPA, 2.53x for DPA and 1.62x for DHA. The metabolic pathway from n-3FA to CMPF has yet to be elucidated.

2,100. TAS2R4 variants can predict the risk of adenomatous colorectal polyps

A. Turner¹, M. Lucock², M. Veysey³, S. Keely^4,5and E Beckett^1,5

Adenomatous polyps (AP) are the benign precursors to most colorectal cancers. As the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia, a better understanding of the risk factors and how this disease develops is vital. Diet-related risk factors have been identified; however, these do not fully explain the risk. The TAS2R family of receptors, which is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, responds to bitter substances. TAS2Rs may be involved in the modulation of AP and CRC risk through their influence on taste preferences and diet or through modulation of gastrointestinal functions. This study aimed to assess the role of TAS2R4 polymorphisms in PA risk. DNA was extracted from blood (QiAMP^TMDNA Minikits;Norte=168; 25% AP) of patients underwent routine colonoscopy and genotyping (Taqman assays). The association of two variants of the TAS2R4 gene (rs2234001 and rs2233998) with PA was evaluated. The presence of the rs2234001 G allele was found to be associated with an increased risk of AP (odds ratio = 5.7; 95% CI = 1.3-25.5;Page= 0.02). Overall, this study suggests that TAS2R4 polymorphisms may be related to AP risk; However, more research is needed to confirm the mechanisms and a causal relationship between TAS2R genotypes and AP risk.

2.101. Sociodemographic characteristics related to frequency of family meals among young children

ET Pitson, A. Spence and R. Laws

Australian children's diets do not meet dietary guidelines, leading to high rates of overweight and obesity. Family meals have been associated with healthier diets and can be a useful target for nutrition promotion, but little is known about what influences family meal frequency in young children. Parents of children aged six months to six years took part in an online survey in 2014 (Norte= 992). Parents reported sociodemographic characteristics and weekly frequency of family dinners. Variables that showed significant associations in univariate regression analyzes (Page< 0.05) were included in the multiple ordered logistic regression. Preliminary analysis using this model showed that family dinner frequency correlated positively with child age (OR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.25) and having siblings ( OR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.27), and was negatively associated with parents' education (OR 0.70). 95% CI: 0.53; 0.91) and live in more affluent areas (OR 0.82 95% 0.68-0.98). Characteristics not associated with frequency of family meals were country of birth, mother's education, and mother's and father's employment status. Contrary to expectations, traits reflecting higher socioeconomic position were not, or inversely, associated with frequency of family meals, underscoring the need for further research on the mechanisms that influence socioeconomic position and meals, family members, and eventual impact on family mealtimes Connect children's nutrition.

2.102. Use of pre-exercise supplements and caffeine intake in active Australians

k Barnes¹, H. O’Conner², G. Slater³, Herr Beca⁴, target⁴y B. Desbrow¹

Pre-Workout Supplements (PWS) are multi-ingredient dietary supplements that claim ergogenic effects. Caffeine is a common ingredient in PWS and is present in varying doses. Although caffeine is generally considered safe, it can cause serious side effects at doses >400 mg/day. This study describes the awareness, beliefs and use of PWS by active people in Australia. A 10-minute online survey identified PWS practices, beliefs, and knowledge about caffeine sources. Snowball and convenience sampling recruited participants at Fitness Expo 2017 and via bulk email to a college population. Of 377 respondents, 66% (Norte= 248) currently or previously used a PWS, with 27% (Norte= 66) of users consuming a PWS twice a day. Users tended to be male and reported “regular training”. Users reported more positive perceptions of PWS in terms of strength and focus compared to non-users. Participants were unable to accurately quantify caffeine in common food sources or PWS, and it was estimated that more than a quarter of users were consuming more than the recommended 400 mg of caffeine per day. Adverse events from PWS were reported by 27% (Norte= 66) of the user, including increased heart rate, tremors and increased anxiety. Active individuals have not been able to accurately assess caffeine intake and are at risk of caffeine-related side effects when using PWS.

2.103. Hydrogen-rich water and its effect on lactate clearance and oxygen utilization during incremental training

M. Botek, B. Sládečková, J. Krejčí und A. McKune

Consuming hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has potential health and exercise performance benefits due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and alkaline properties. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluated the effects of ingesting HRW on the physiological, metabolic, and cognitive responses to cycling. Ten men (age = 26.4 ± 3.1 years, BMI = 23.1 ± 1.9 kg.m⁻², % body fat = 11.3 ± 3.0%, VO₂max = 54,5 ± 4,7 ml.kg⁻¹.Minimum⁻¹) 600 mL (300 mL 30 min before, 300 mL 1 min before) of HRW or placebo before undergoing an incremental bicycle ergometer test (10 min at 1 w.kg⁻¹, 8 min a 2 W.kg⁻¹, 8 min a 3 W.kg⁻¹y 8 min a 4 W.kg⁻¹). Physiological, metabolic, and perceptual responses in the last minute of each stage were compared. Taking HRW resulted in significantly lower lactate (9.0 ± 2.4 vs. 10.3 ± 3.1 mmol/L;Page< 0.05) Production and ventilatory oxygen equivalent (VE/VO₂) ratio (32.4 ± 7.9 vs. 35.0 ± 8.6;Page< 0.05) compared to placebo at high intensity (4 w.kg⁻¹) the exercise. Supplementation with 600mL of HRW during the 30 minutes prior to exercise may improve performance at high intensity through increased lactate utilization and oxygen extraction efficiency.

2.104. Athletic Deprivation: The unexplored effect of exercise culture on an individual's relationship to food and the body

G. Buckley¹, L. Halle², R. Belski¹and A. Lassemillante¹

Retiring from elite sport is a unique transition that impacts significant lifestyle changes. This article reviews the literature on the effects of exercise deprivation on maladaptive eating behavior and body dissatisfaction. A systematic literature search was performed using the PRISMA statement with the search terms pensioner* or former AND athlete* or sport AND food* or food* or diet or disorder* or anorexia* or bulimia* or weight or "body image". Databases were searched; Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO Host, Sport Discus and CINAHL for thematic and quantitative analysis. Eighteen studies were included in the synthesis, which identified three themes: (1) influence of sports culture; (2) physical dissatisfaction and ideal body transition; and (3) disordered eating and energetic compensation. The synthesis explores how maladjusted behaviors can arise from a persistent athletic identity, lack of social awareness or support, conflicting body ideals, and compensatory behaviors. There is currently insufficient evidence on the prevalence of eating disorders, compulsive exercise, and other maladaptive compensatory behaviors to adequately support retired athletes. Additionally, it is the responsibility of sports organizations to continue to support athletes into retirement to prevent the development of lifelong, potentially maladaptive behaviors related to eating and body image disorders.

2.105. Caffeine content of pre-workout supplements commonly used by Australian consumers

B. Desceja¹, target², H. O’Connor³, G. Slater⁴, K. Barnes¹and G Grant²

Caffeine's stimulant properties are often touted in pre-workout supplements (PWS) to help with exercise, reduce perceptions of fatigue and, in some brands, help shed body fat. While PWS manufacturers often claim significant amounts of caffeine intake, there is no independent verification of the caffeine content of these products. The aim of this research was to independently assess the caffeine content of PWS, which is popular in Australia, and to compare these values ​​with data from the nutritional panel. Fifteen PWS were tested for caffeine content (both within and between batches of the same product). The caffeine content of select PSWs ranged from 91 to 387 mg per serving.⁻¹. Only six of the 15 PWS Nutrition Facts Panels included details on caffeine content. The percentage of caffeine ranged from 59% to 176% of the packaging claims. All but one PWS contained within- and between-batch caffeine variations that were considered "almost" significant (i.e., ≥ 40 mg serving⁻¹Variation). Consumers are likely to be exposed to large and variable doses of caffeine when ingesting PWS. Product information boards do little to increase consumer awareness of likely caffeine consumption.

2.106. Prevalence and nutrient composition of post-exercise dietary supplements in certified recovery products

S. Srikulnath^1,2, C.A. gouws^1,3, AJ McKune^1,3, N. M. D’Cunha^1,3, J Williams^1,3and N. Naumovski^1,3

Athletes consume sports supplements to promote recovery from intense exercise. However, there is conflicting evidence on the benefits of recovery supplements taken in the post-workout period. This study aimed to determine the number and compositional characteristics of commercially available "Informed-Sport" certified products based on the manufacturer's recommended consumption during "post (exercise, training or training)" periods. A systematic search on product pages (Norte= 739), 39 (5.3%) indicated products that should use the wording “list” on the “front of label”, in the “product instructions”, or in the product website description or instructions. Of these, 36 were identified as powders, two as sticks and one as a gel product. The mean energy was 1453 ± 282 (kJ/100g) for powder, 1553 ± 217 (kJ/100g) for bars and 478 (kJ/100g) for the gel product. After macronutrients, the highest average protein content was found in the powders (46.2 ± 28.0/100 g), while carbohydrates were most pronounced in the bars (26.5 ± 12.0/100 g). A total of 25 of the 36 powdered products were protein-based supplements. The most common “other ingredients” include glutamine (Norte= 22) and leucine (Norte= 20) on all products. In summary, the powdered products are the most well-known and widely used post-workout recovery supplements available on the market and are certified safe. There is now an opportunity to develop certified post-workout bars and gels to enhance recovery.

2.107. Higher dietary nitrate intake is associated with better muscle function in older women

M.Sim^1,2, JR Lewis^1,2,3, L.C. Blekkenhorst^1,2, C. P. Bondonno^1,2, A. Devine¹, K.Zhu^2,4, S. Peeling^2,5, RL Prinz^2,4und J. M. Hodgson^1,2

The effect of higher habitual nitrate intake on muscle function in old age is unknown. The cross-sectional relationship between dietary nitrate and measurements of muscle function in elderly Australian women (Norte= 1420, ≥70 years). Total nitrate (from plant and non-plant sources) was calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire and nitrate instrument. Handgrip strength and up and down timing (TUG), which represent muscle strength and physical function, respectively, were evaluated. The mean ± SD of total nitrate intake was 79.5 ± 31.2 mg/day, 85% of which came from vegetables. In separate models with multivariate adjustment, higher nitrate intake (after SD, 31.2 mg/d) was associated with higher grip strength (β 0.31,Page= 0.027) and faster TUG (β −0.27,Page= 0.001). Each 31.2 mg/d (1 SD) increase in nitrate intake was associated with a lower likelihood of weak grip strength (16%,Page= 0.005) and slow TUG (14%,Page= 0.021). Compared to women in the bottom tertile of nitrate intake (<64.2 mg/day), women with the highest nitrate intake (≥89.0 mg/day) were less likely to have poor grip strength (35%, p._Trend= 0.004) and slow TUG (28%, p_Trend= 0.044). Given the observed positive association between dietary nitrates and muscle function, older people should regularly include nitrate-rich green leafy vegetables and beets in their diet.

2.108. A recipe for success: key ingredients for an effective nutrition education program for parents of young children in regional and remote WA

V. E. Blake und L. Thorne

Early childhood has been identified as a critical period for nutritional interventions, as developing healthy eating behaviors during the first five years of life reduces the burden of disease in adulthood. Nutritional interventions should primarily target parents/carers as they make the decisions about their children's food intake. Innovative Food Sensations from Foodbank WA^®The Parents Program (FSP) provides nutrition education and cooking workshops to disadvantaged parents of children ages 0-5 living in the remote Pilbara region of WA. Three key elements underpin the structure of this unique program: a strong focus on relationship building; appropriate nutritional messages; and conducting interactive workshops with children and parents cooking together. Since the start of the program in 2016, the evaluation shows that the FSP program is a successful nutrition initiative. Prioritizing building relationships with the target audience builds trust and increases engagement, while identifying appropriate nutritional messages ensures workshop content is relevant and culturally appropriate. The interactive presentation style supports hands-on learning and builds participants' skills and confidence. By applying the three key elements of FSP, parents complete the program with the knowledge and skills to prepare their children for lifelong healthy eating.

2.109. Secondary school teachers' perceptions of healthy eating: a qualitative exploration of knowledge and perspectives

G. K. Boddy, A. Booth und A. Worsley

Teachers disseminate nutrition knowledge and skills in high school curricula that teach essential skills for healthy living. However, it is currently unknown how teachers perceive the place of healthy eating in the curriculum. The perceptions of fifteen teachers were examined through semi-structured in-depth interviews and thematic analysis. Their responses were grouped into five themes: approaches to healthy eating, impacts of nutritional information, curriculum planning, teaching goals, and impacts on teaching careers. The teachers were clear about the goals and importance of teaching healthy eating in an experiential curriculum. They reported that learning to eat healthy benefits the health and well-being of adolescents and their families. Its effectiveness may be hampered by the current positioning of food, nutrition and health issues in two separate curriculum areas, technologies and health and sport; and competing school priorities and resources that limit student exposure to food curriculum. They received information about food from online websites, popular culture and social media. The teachers' knowledge and opinions about healthy eating appeared to be related to their life experiences, education and work history. These findings can aid in the development of educational strategies and the design of healthy eating curriculum approaches that promote healthy eating habits for youth and their families now and in the future.

2.110. School feeding programs in the Pacific Islands - an overview of the current situation

S Burkart¹, A. Hayman², B. Jones¹, F.Lam², S. Underhill¹and E. Swanepoel¹

The Pacific Islander (PI) school-age population faces significant nutritional challenges, including the double burden of malnutrition. Schools provide an ideal framework to influence the nutritional behavior of young people and the community at large; However, it is not clear if students attending PI schools are being taught healthy eating practices. The aim of this study is to identify current school nutrition education programs (SNEP) in 14 IP countries. A document review was validated with semi-structured interviews with the interested parties (in person).Norte= 12 countries, per E-Mail contactNorte= 2 countries) and email meeting summaries to identify the SNEP currently in use. Thematic analysis of the conference abstracts identified three types of SNEP: curriculum-based; gardening; and others (sports-based school feeding). All IP countries had a formal curriculum; However, nutrition was not explicitly included in two countries. The Health Promoting Schools (WHO) framework is used in six PI countries, while all countries used garden-based activities, but with limited and variable curriculum integration. Formal sports-related activities have been implemented in two countries and school feeding programs are currently being used to a greater or lesser extent in three countries. A variety of SNEPs are currently used throughout the PI, most being curriculum and garden based, but with limited integration into the curriculum.

2.111. Nutrition Education Programs for Schools in the Pacific Islands - Capacity Needs Analysis

S Burkart¹, A. Hayman², B. Jones¹, F.Lam², S. Underhill¹and E. Swanepoel¹

Various school nutrition education programs (SNEP) are currently deployed in the Pacific Islands (PIs), but there is little understanding of countries' capacity to develop and sustain these activities. The aim of this study was to conduct a SNEP capacity needs analysis (CNA) in 14 IP countries. A desktop review was validated through semi-structured interviews with 88 key stakeholders (in person).Norte= 12 countries, by emailNorte= 2 countries) and email verification of meeting summaries. Content analysis was guided by a customized CNA Framework (FAO). There is a strong motivation for SNEPs, however only nine countries have general food/nutrition/NCD policies and eight PIs have school policies at the national level. Stakeholders in 11 countries report needing support in developing contextualized learning materials and struggling to get credible information to use in the classroom. Partnerships and cross-sectoral collaborations in each country varied depending on geographic isolation/location, communication technology and funding identified as challenges, and the need for a formal group of regional PI stakeholders (i.e. nutritionists, educators and agricultural experts) identified. Stakeholders reported on facilities (e.g. garden space), human resources and limited use of funds, including monitoring and evaluation. While there is high-level support and motivation, more political/regulatory capacity, knowledge, partnerships and implementation are likely to support the development and sustainability of SNEP in this region.

2.112. Health Star Rating of Grains: Does It Adequately Distinguish Between Whole Grains and Refined Grains?

F.J. Cortina and S.J. Grafenauer

The Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend mainly whole grains (WG) due to their higher levels of fibre, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants compared to refined grains (RG). The Health Star Rating (HSR) front-of-package labeling system rates packaged foods from ½ to 5 stars based on an algorithm that accounts for "positive" and "negative" ingredients (the former includes fruits, vegetables, nuts, and Legumes). , but not WG). As part of the HSR 5-year review, this study aimed to determine whether HSR adequately differentiates WG and RG options. Product data collected between 2016 and 18 through continuous audits (Norte= 1120) was analyzed to calculate the mean and mean HSR of RG and WG bread, rice, pasta, noodles, flour, breakfast cereal and bars. A total of 510 products showed an HSR (45%). The median and median HSR were identical for the RG and WG products at 3.8 and 4 stars, respectively. The mean HSR was also identical for RG and WG bread, bars, cereals and flour, while WG rice was ½ higher than RG. No WG noodles or noodles showed an HSR. The current HSR algorithm does not adequately reflect the nutritional benefits of WG products, and including WG in the algorithm would increase its sensitivity, maximizing consumer confidence and the opportunity to make healthy grain-based food choices.

2.113. Analysis of antioxidant levels in common cooking oils in Australia

F. de Alzaa

Despite the wide variety of edible oils in Australia, published data evaluating the levels of antioxidants (biophenols, squalene and alpha-tocopherols) in these oils are lacking. Antioxidant levels are important predictors of oil stability when cooking at high temperatures. We evaluated the antioxidant levels in six common cooking oils (extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), coconut, canola, grapeseed, rice bran and vegetable oils) from three major supermarket chains in the Melbourne-Geelong region of Australia. The analysis was carried out in an ISO17025 accredited laboratory (2016-2018). On average, the antioxidant content of EVOO was significantly higher (~4907.8 mg/kg) compared to the other edible oils (~268.6 mg/kg), due to the higher concentrations of squalene (~4330.1 mg/kg vs. 220.9 mg/kg) and biophenols. (~431.8 mg/kg vs. 1.6 mg/kg) in EVOO. The concentration of alpha-tocopherols was highest in rapeseed oil (~149.4 mg/kg) and EVOO (~146.9 mg/kg). However, most alpha-tocopherols in seed oils and refined oils like canola oil are not naturally present but are artificially added to extend the oil's shelf life. Virgin coconut oil contained the lowest level of antioxidants tested (~8 kg/mg) with no detectable squalene. These results show that EVOO contains the highest levels of natural antioxidants and is probably the most stable oil for cooking at high temperatures.

2.114. The development and design of a national multi-contact web survey on data quality for clinical research in allied health

Houston^1,2and Y. Probst^1,2

Related Health (AH) Research is a multidisciplinary field of scientific research aimed at improving general health. Polls are a popular data collection method, although they suffer from the low response rates (~10%) of single-mode designs. This research describes the development of a national multi-contact survey. An individual holistic approach was applied to minimize errors. A theory of social exchange has been applied to reduce the costs and increase the benefits of responding and building trust. The survey design was appropriate to the population (HA researchers), setting (Australia), and subject (data quality). Development of questions based on feasibility tests. Formulation, structure, order and grouping of the questions were checked using construct validation (Norte= 3) and expert opinion (Norte= 1). The survey was developed using the REDCap tool and additional cognitive think-aloud interviews (Norte= 5) Identified issues with writing, question order, visual design, presentation, and navigation. Multi-Contact modes included a postal letter followed by three timed email requests/reminders, all with URL links to the survey. The self-conducted semi-quantitative national web survey was conducted over an 11-week period with 3,835 participants. The systematic survey design reduced costs, improved timeliness, improved response rate, reduced coverage, and measurement error. The multiple modes presented an effective communication method by building trust and legitimacy of the HA survey research.

2.115. Nutritional Science Competency Standards for Australian Bachelors in Nutritional Sciences: A Joint NSA/ANT Initiative

t.lawlis¹, S. Torres², A. Coates³, K Clark⁴, K.Charlton^5,6, A. Sinclair^7,8, L. Wood⁹und A. Becomes¹⁰

This document describes the revision of the Professional Competence Standards for Nutrition Scientists for use in Australia. Nutrition experts from industry, society, government and academia (Norte= 128) were consulted to define the areas required for the practice of nutritional sciences. The process used an iterative, multi-method approach consisting of three phases: (1) scoping of existing competencies; (2) exploratory survey; and (3) a modified Delphi process (two rounds). After applying a ≥70% consensus rule, a final list of competency standards was established; five basic skills and three special skills. The five core standards are defined as nutritional science, food and the food system, nutritional leadership and sociocultural and behavioral factors, nutritional research and critical analysis, and communication and professional conduct. All of these standards are supported by core knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. The three professional competency standards are Food Science, Public Health Nutrition and Animal Nutrition. These new nutritional competency standards recognize diversity within the science of nutrition. They outline the professional expectations of nutritionists and entry-level nutritionists for effective practice in the Australian workforce and provide a framework for comparing Australian degrees and specializations in nutrition with the aim of building professional identity and reinforcing graduate outcomes.

2.116. Nutritional communication through the chiropractic profession

MK Lee, L. Amorin-Woods, and V. Cascioli

There are 5,400 registered chiropractors in Australia, 60% male and 40% female. This profession has a longstanding interest in promoting nutrition. The goal was to document the extent of nutritional promotion by chiropractors and their key sources of information.

A sample of 1000 practicing chiropractors was randomly selected from the Australian Chiropractic Research Network (ACORN) database for a cross-sectional study. A total of 33% took part in the online survey. When asked if they provide nutritional advice to their patients more than 50% of the time, male chiropractors were less likely to do so (33%) compared to 46% of women (X²6.04,Page= 0.014). Fewer professionals (30%) reported that nutritional counseling was not an important part of their practice (ie 'never' or 'less than 25% of patients'). The diet-related disorders most commonly encountered by chiropractors have been musculoskeletal, generally inflammatory in origin. While the majority of respondents were familiar with the Australian Dietary Guidelines (70%), only a small proportion (17%) said they regularly use the Australian Healthy Dietary Guidelines when providing nutritional advice to patients. Australian chiropractors recognize the importance of nutrition in their clinical practice, particularly for patients with chronic conditions.

2.117. Understand the aspects of an engaging social media post

E. Herron¹, A. Miller¹, J. Chong¹, K. Klassen¹, M. Lim², L. Brennan³, M. Reid⁴, H. Rohre¹and T McCaffrey¹

People are increasingly using social media (SM) to search for information about health and nutrition. SM personalities have a high level of engagement and influence with fans that nutrition and health professionals often lack. Our goal was to identify SM strategies associated with high levels of public engagement in the food industry (Norte= 10), lifestyle personalities (Norte= 10), health organizations (Norte= 10) and nutrition experts (Norte= 10). An exploratory content analysis with a coding framework was carried out on 524 posts from Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. The relationship between posting strategies and engagement metrics (likes, shares, etc.) was examined using multivariate linear regression. Engagement was higher among lifestyle personalities across all platforms. On Facebook, food industry posts often post “highlighted” strategies (13%) and healthcare organizations often post “stories” (8%). The strategies most positively associated with engagement were “people in posts” on Instagram (β 0.233,Page< 0.001) and a “positive tone” on Twitter (β 0.218,Page<0.009). Strategies negatively associated with engagement were “Association with Health Success” on Facebook (β = −0.208,Page< 0.002), Instagram (β = −0.228,Page< 0.001) and on Twitter those with “links to health information” (β = −0.251Page<0.001). Nutrition professionals and healthcare organizations could learn from the successful engagement strategies of online influencers on how to increase the reach of their messages.

2.118. From farm to fork: a link between the school curriculum, youth interests and the design of games for participation in nutrition education

Müller¹, M. Masek², J. Boston³, M. Furfaro¹, D. Barwood³, S. Smith³und A. Becomes¹

The Australian curriculum offers new opportunities for food and nutrition education, but engaging secondary school students and teachers can be challenging. This research used an electronic game design project to assess which themes would appeal to adolescents and incorporate into the curriculum. In focus groups, 68 boys and girls aged 7 to 10 from all walks of life in WA contributed ideas on topics and then created corresponding play scenarios. In workshops with 29 teachers from three learning areas, 17 scenarios on seven topics were mapped onto the curriculum. A game decision matrix was applied to capture student interests, curriculum outcomes, and effective design in a game prototype that was tested in 17 classrooms. Two distinct themes emerged as key interests: 'Providing food to those in need to reduce hunger' and 'Eating the right foods to maintain a healthy, active and healthy weight'. Food waste reduction, food safety and food production were also addressed. The prototype game design captures this and presents the journey of a food product from production to consumption with content that explores learning outcomes for science, health, technology and others. The pilot provided evidence of student engagement, learning and research relevant to the curriculum. We conclude that knowing students' interests and teachers' curriculum priorities is the nexus for designing nutrition education resources.

2.119. Mothers' perceptions of infant beverages

m sube¹, J. Willcox², A.Spence¹und A. Worsley¹

The prevalence of obesity among Australian preschool children is a major health concern. High in energy, low in nutrients and readily available, sugar-sweetened beverages have been linked to increasing the prevalence of obesity. Plus, consumption at a young age can lead to lifelong habits. There is little research on the factors that influence parental decision-making when serving drinks to their preschool children, or on mothers' perceptions of those drinks.

To examine how mothers perceive infant drinking, qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 Melbourne mothers using the repertory grid technique and scaling technique methods. A variety of different perceptual categories ("constructs") (Norte= 22) on beverages and demonstrates the complexity of mothers' perceptions when choosing beverages for their preschool children. The five most common categories related to health, sugar, dairy, packaging and additives. Thematic analysis of the tiered method responses identified three main themes: concerns about the types of beverages mothers may want to offer their preschoolers; the health of a drink; and the sugar content.

In conclusion, maternal perceptions of beverages are differentiated and should be considered when developing health communication strategies to influence maternal dietary decisions for their preschool children.

2.120. Towards effective nutrition education for Dutch primary school children: an assessment of effective components

A. Verdonschot^1,2, T. Bucher¹, C. Collins¹, E. deVet²y A. Haveman-Nies²

A healthy diet is important for the growth and development of children. Children need encouragement and support to adopt healthy eating habits. Dutch nutrition education programs such as EU-Schoolfruit (EUS) and Taste Lessons (TL) contribute to this by offering children fruit, vegetables (FV) (EUS) and nutrition education (TL). However, little is known about which components are most effective. Children enrolled in nutritional education programs that implement environmental and educational components are thought to have higher nutritional knowledge, food literacy, and intake of FV than children enrolled in nutritional education programs with a single component. This study examines the effective components of Dutch nutrition education programs for primary school children (Norte= 2250,Norte= 45 schools) aged 9 to 11 years. Children's nutritional knowledge, nutritional competency, and FV intake will be measured using a questionnaire. This quasi-experimental study has three arms: (1) schools implementing EUS, (2) schools implementing EUS + TL, and (3) schools not implementing nutrition education. Outcomes will be assessed before the intervention (baseline), immediately after the intervention (post-intervention) and 6 months after the intervention. The study protocol and preliminary results are presented. Findings may help design future effective nutrition education programs to help address the problem of childhood obesity.

2.121. Development of an index of dietary guidelines for its application to heavy food records

SJ-Pavilion¹, AM. coats¹and me. hill²

Interest in methods for analyzing whole foods has increased as overall diet quality has been linked to health and disease risks. The Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI) is a validated diet quality index reflecting compliance with the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG). Previously, the composition of the DGI was based on frequencies and amounts of foods through predetermined portions. The aim of the current study was to develop a methodology that applies the DGI to dietary intake data collected through gold-standard weighted food records. The DGI was applied to a convenience sample of 133 adults between the ages of 50 and 80 (80 women, 53 men). Composed of 10 components, the DGI reflected the diversity and quality of the ADG's staple food groups and choices. The mean DGI score was 50.7 out of a possible 100 (SD 12.3); Less than half of participants met guidelines for variety, fruits, vegetables, lean meats and alternatives, dairy, and spreads/unsaturated oils. All participants exceeded the freely selectable intake limit with an average of 4.3 servings per day (SD 2.6). This methodological approach of applying the DGI to heavy food records can improve our ability to quantify diet quality.

2.122. How does AMY1 copy number variation affect inter-individual variability in glycemic index testing?

FS Atkinson¹, D.Hancock¹, P. Petocz²and J.C. Brand-Miller¹

Inter-individual variability can affect the reliability and reproducibility of the glycemic index (GI). We have previously shown that copy number (CN) variation of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) affects starch digestion and postprandial responses to starchy foods. Therefore, AMY1 CN may contribute to inter-individual variability in GI measurement. We hypothesized that the effects of AMY1-CN variation on GI measurement could be managed by using a starch-based reference food. In a group of healthy individuals with known AMY1-CN, the GI values ​​of five starchy foods relative to glucose solution and white bread were determined. When the reference food was glucose, the absolute GI values ​​for all five foods were significantly higher in subjects with the highest AMY1-CN compared to the lowest (all foodsPage<0.05). However, when white bread was the reference, there were no significant differences in GI scores between the two groups at the AMY1 CN extremes. Regardless of the reference food, AMY1 CN had no impact on the relative GI ranking of foods. Using white bread as a reference food can reduce the influence of inter-individual variations in AMY1CN on the measurement of GI values ​​for starchy foods.

2.123. Polymorphisms at the NADSYN1/DHCR7 locus as potential regulators of interethnic differences in vitamin D production

P.Jones¹, M. Lucock¹, M. Veysey²and E Beckett^1,3

The relationship between ultraviolet radiation exposure (UVR) and vitamin D status is influenced by skin pigmentation and genetic variation in vitamin D signaling pathways. There is evidence of an association between these factors, possibly as an adaptation to reduced production of the vitamin D in highly pigmented skin. Polymorphisms in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase (NADSYN1) are determinants of vitamin D status, but associations between this locus and skin type remain unexplored. Therefore, we examined the association between the frequency of common variants of DHCR7/NADSYN1 and skin pigmentation. Population prevalence of common variants of DHCR7/NADSYN1 (minor allele frequency ≥ 0.35) was matched from public genotypic databases (Allele Frequency Database and 1000 Genomes; >100 cohorts, 5000 subjects) and compared to the population's skin phototype (common Fitzpatrick phototype of the reported ancestry). the population). ). Wearing 10 variants (rs12797951, rs1790324, rs1630498, rs11603330, rs3750997, rs7928249, rs7944926, rs12800438, rs1792226, and rs3794060) was significantly associated with Fitzpatrick's skin typePage< 0.0001 in all cases). Notably, increases in pigmentation were associated with increases in occurrence at rs7944926 (r²0.66) years rs7928249 (r²0.52) and decreases by rs3794060 (r²0,67), rs11603330 (r²0.58) years rs12797951 (r²0.54). The results identify novel vitamin D-related genetic factors that may play a role in differences in vitamin D UVR production between ethnic groups.

2.124. DHA-enriched fish oil supplementation reduces insulin resistance in men and women with abdominal obesity: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study

K. Abad¹, T. Burrows², S. Acharya³, R. Thota¹and M Garg¹

The cause-and-effect relationship between higher levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced insulin resistance (IR) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether fish oil supplementation fortified with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces IR in overweight/obese adults. Participants were recruited if they were between 18 and 70 years old, had a waist circumference > 88 cm (females) or > 102 cm (males) and were not diabetic. Participants were randomized to consume DHA-enriched fish oil capsules (FO, 860 mg/day) or placebo (corn oil, CO) for three months. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and during follow-up. Fasting glucose and insulin values ​​were used to calculate the HOMA-IR. sixty-eight (FO,Norte= 36; CO,Norte= 32) Participants completed the study (age 50.9 ± 12.7 years; BMI 32.4 ± 6.6 kg/m²; toilet, 103.4 ± 14.8 cm). After adjustment to baseline, FO decreased fasting insulin (mean difference [95% CI]: -1.62 μIU/L [-2.99, -0.26]),Page= 0.021) and HOMA-IR (−0.40 [−0.78, −0.02],Page= 0.038) compared to CO, with no change in fasting glucose. Changes in insulin and HOMA-IR in the FO group were inversely correlated with baseline (r = -0.708,Page< 0,0001 yr ​​= −0,686,Page< 0.0001). Dietary supplementation with DHA-enriched fish oil reduced IR in overweight/obese people with hyperinsulinemia and IR and may prove to be a useful adjunct treatment to lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

2.125. Associations between omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status and diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome: the Hunter cohort study

K. Abad¹, T. Burrows², R. Thota¹, S. Acharya³, A. Alex¹and M Garg¹

Chronic subclinical inflammation is associated with obesity-induced insulin resistance, leading to metabolic syndrome (MetS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) have an anti-inflammatory effect and can therefore protect against obesity-related metabolic diseases. This study aimed to determine whether LCn-3PUFA status was associated with T2D, NAFLD, or MetS in the Hunter cohort study. LCn-3PUFA status was determined using plasma phospholipid composition (EPA + DHA, %w/w); T2DM defined by self-reported diagnosis or fasting glucose > 7.0 mmol/L, NAFLD determined by fatty liver index (FLI > 60) and MetS according to IDF criteria. In total,Norte= 2092 participants were included (age: 66.3 ± 7.5 years; BMI: 28.8 ± 5.0 kg/m²; female:Norte= 1059, 50.6%). After adjusting for known risk factors (age, gender, BMI, fiber intake and physical activity), LCn-3PUFA status was inversely associated with MetS (OR [95% CI]: 1.00 [reference], 0.54 [0.37 , 0.79], 0.58 [0.40, 0.85], 0.36 [0.25, 0.53],Pagetrend < 0.001 for 1st to 4th quartiles) and NAFLD (OR [95% CI]: 1.00 [reference], 0.65 [0.49; 0.87], 0.47 [0.35; 0 .63]), 0.34 [0.25; 0.46],Pagetrend = 0.004), however, T2D was not associated with LCn-3PUFA (OR [95% CI]: 1.00 [reference], 0.69 [0.41, 1.14], 0.42 [0.24 , 0.75], 0.85 [0.52, 1.40]),Pagetrend = 0.293). LCn-3PUFA status is inversely associated with MetS and NAFLD. Dietary LCn-3PUFAs may protect against metabolic disorders associated with obesity.

2.126. Effect of maternal dietary glycemic index on offspring metabolic programming in mice

GJ Campbell, S.G. Lucic Fisher und K.S. Bell-Anderson

The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of the quality of carbohydrates in relation to their effect on blood sugar levels, and a low GI diet has been associated with better metabolic health in humans and rodents. However, current research cannot elucidate the responsible mechanisms. Isocaloric diets for rodents, differing only in basal carbohydrate (high GI: glucose, sucrose; low GI: isomaltulose, fructose) were designed such that fiber content was controlled but GI varied. Embryos and pups from C57BL/6 dams fed these diets or chows were compared. Embryos from chow-fed mothers were significantly heavier than embryos from glucose-isomaltulose-fed mothers and had significantly heavier livers and spleens than all sugar embryos. Male puppies were heavier, leaner, and more glucose intolerant than females on all diets. Differences were observed only in male puppies. Male chow, glucose and sucrose pups were heavier than isomaltulose and fructose pups. Male fructose and glucose puppies had higher insulin spikes at 12 weeks of age, while there was no difference in basal blood glucose levels. Maternal dietary sugar shows a limited effect on offspring metabolic health, but only in male puppies. Compared to the food, the puppies on the sugar diet were lighter, fatter and less tolerant to glucose.

2.127. Body composition changes during a modified 6-month fasting intervention for adults with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea

K day¹, H. Rohre¹, B Edwards¹, D. O'Driscoll^1,2, a young man², L. Ghazi¹, C. Bristow¹, K. Ruhm¹, M. Bonham¹, C. Murgia¹, T. Haines¹y G. Hamilton^1,3

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a complex relationship with obesity, with some evidence that increased treatment adherence (continuous positive airway pressure, CPAP) leads to weight gain. Modified fasting (MF) may offer an alternative weight loss method. Participant (Norte= 59, mean body mass index 34.1 kg/m²± 4,7 kg/m²) underwent a six-month FP procedure along with CPAP treatment. The intervention consisted of 3 months of active weight loss followed by 3 months of weight maintenance. Moderate physical activity was encouraged. Weight, waist circumference, and body composition were measured at baseline and after the intervention. The data were analyzed in pairst-Test (SPSS, v.25). On average, participants lost −5.0 kg ± 6.5 kg body weight (Page< 0.001) and waist circumference reduced by −5.4 cm ± 5.9 cm. Body fat (-5.4 kg) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT, -0.6 kg) were significantly reduced after six months of MF (Page< 0.001) while maintaining lean mass (FFM, Δ 0.0 kg,Page= 0.064). The apnea-hypopnea index decreased by 8.4 ± 18.8 events/h (Page<0.01). MF can result in beneficial body composition changes consisting primarily of fat loss, including VAT, while maintaining FFM and offers a useful alternative to continuous energy restriction for adults beginning CPAP therapy.

2.128. Nutritional adequacy of a very low-energy diet for weight loss in children and adolescents

M.L. Wow^1,2, H.Y.J. Wong³, H. Jebeile^1,2, SP Garnett^1,2and N Lister^1,2

Very Low Energy Diets (VLEDs) achieve rapid weight loss. However, its safety and acceptability for adolescents has not been adequately studied. This study addresses aspects of the safety and acceptability of VLED in children and adolescents by evaluating (1) dietary adequacy, (2) adherence, and (3) changes in appetite hormones. This is a secondary analysis of the SHAKE-IT pilot study in eight children aged 7 to 16 years with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Participants completed an 8-week VLED (800 kcal/day) and 26-week follow-up. Diet adequacy (compared to Australian Nutrient Reference Values ​​[NRVs]) and diet compliance (≤800 kcal/day) were assessed using available 24-hour recalls from six participants. Ghrelin and peptide YY concentrations were determined in fasting blood at baseline and after 8 and 34 weeks. Compared to baseline, more participants met the NRVs during the VLED for riboflavin, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc, and vitamins A, B6, B12, and C. Fewer met the NRVs for fiber, folic acid, phosphorus, and sodium. No participant reached the NRV for calcium at any time. Only 1/3 of the participants stated that they comply with VLED. Ghrelin and peptide YY concentrations did not change. VLED improves the nutrient profile compared to usual intake. Nutritional adequacy would improve if adherence was improved. The expected changes in appetite hormones to facilitate adherence were not observed.

2.129. Dietary sodium intake and obesity in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis

CALIFORNIA. dirt¹, AB-Position¹, K. B. Bolton¹, K-Lim¹, C.Service¹, A. Khokhar¹, F. J. He²und C. A. Nowson¹

Epidemiological evidence and some animal studies indicate that increased sodium intake may contribute to weight gain. A systematic bibliographic search was performed, identifying cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (≥ 1 year) measuring sodium intake and obesity indices; randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reduced dietary sodium (≥3 months). A meta-analysis was performed for obesity outcomes with ≥ 3 studies. The mean difference (MD) or odds ratios (OR) associated with higher sodium intake (lower vs. higher percentile) and net change in body weight (BW) between the sodium-restricted diet and control were assessed. Forty-seven cross-sectional, four longitudinal, and 16 RCTs were included. Cross-sectionally, higher sodium intake was associated with overweight/obesity (three studies;Norte= 10,923; (OR) 1.83, 95% CI: 1.40, 2.43) and larger waist circumference (eight studies;Norte=32,960; MD = 5.51 cm, 95% CI: 4.39, 6.64). The methods were too mixed to summarize longitudinal studies. RCTs showed a trend toward lower body weight on low-sodium diets compared to control diets (15 trials;Norte= 4.291; −0,27 kg, IC del 95 %: −0,55; 0,01;Page= 0.06). Cross-sectional evidence suggests that sodium intake was positively associated with obesity, and there was a trend suggesting that a low-sodium diet might result in small weight loss. Evidence from longitudinal studies was inconclusive.

2.130. Dietary sodium intake is positively associated with childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

CALIFORNIA. dirt¹, AB-Position¹, K. B. Bolton¹, K-Lim¹, C.Service¹, A. Khokhar¹, F. J. He²und C. A. Nowson¹

A few studies have reported associations between sodium intake and childhood obesity, but no systematic review has been completed. A systematic search was carried out in four databases. A random effects meta-analysis was performed for obesity outcomes with ≥ 3 studies. Eighteen cross-sectional and two longitudinal studies were included in the systematic review. Six of the seven studies that measured BMI/BMI z-score and all seven studies that measured waist circumference reported significant positive associations of sodium intake with BMI/BMI z-score and waist circumference. The discrepancy between the studies allowed only one meta-analysis (three cross-sectional studies,Norte= 3625); Results showed that higher sodium intake (higher versus lower percentile) was associated with overweight/obesity (odds ratio 3.29, 95% CI 2.25, 4.80). Longitudinal findings were mixed; One study reported that increased sodium intake did not alter the odds of obesity over a 3-year period, and another reported that initial sodium intake (1 g/day) resulted in a 5-year change in percent body fat (GC) (+ 1.598% GC) predicted ,Page<0.05). Evidence from cross-sectional studies in children indicates that higher sodium intake was associated with higher body mass and central obesity. Results from longitudinal studies are limited and mixed. Further RCTs and longitudinal sections are needed to confirm these results.

2.131. Intermittent energy restriction: Adequate nutrition and nutritional quality in adolescence

And home¹, H. Jebeile^2,3, M. Gow^2,3, S. Garnett³and N Lister^2,3

Novel dietary interventions for treating adolescent obesity are needed to improve adherence and long-term outcomes. Intermittent Energy Restriction (IER) may appeal to adolescents because of its flexibility, but little is known about nutrient adequacy and compliance. This secondary analysis assessed diet adequacy, diet quality, and adherence in 22 obese adolescents participating in a 26-week IER pilot study. Nutrient intake and diet quality were determined using 24-hour memories, and adherence to the "fasting" daily energy requirement of 2510 kJ was determined using estimated food records. Reduced intake of nutrients, including magnesium, compared to baseline (week 8: mean difference ± SEM: 71 ± 26 mg/d,Page= 0,023,Norte= 11), phosphorus (week 8: 421 ± 161 mg/d,Page= 0,026,Norte= 11) and fiber (week 12: 7.9 ± 1.9 g/d,Page= 0,004,Norte= 8) was observed. Increased iron micronutrient density proportional to energy intake (weeks 8, 12, 26: 0.3–0.4 mg/1000 kJ/d,Page< 0.05), potassium (weeks 8, 12, 26: 85–101 mg/1000 kJ/d), phosphorus (weeks 12, 26: 43–48 mg/1000 kJ/d,Page< 0.05) y zinc (weeks 8, 12: 0.5-0.6 mg/1000 kJ/d,Page<0.05). The forage quality remained unchanged. The participants reported consistent compliance with the Energy Ordinance. Results suggest that IER compliance is well maintained in overweight adolescents and that the intervention may improve nutrient density. However, it has been difficult to achieve adequate nutrition during severe caloric restriction and the use of dietary supplements may be indicated.

2.132. Low glycemic index diets as an intervention in obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

KE mills¹, MI Zafar², J. Zheng², M.-M. Peng²y L.-L. Chen²

Low glycemic index (GI) diets can support weight loss by reducing postmeal blood sugar swings, leading to more stable blood sugar levels and therefore less hunger. To test this hypothesis, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing a low GI diet to other diets. 101 studies with 109 study arms and 8527 participants were included. We meta-analyzed studies using a random effects model and performed subgroup and meta-regression analyzes based on control diet, glycemic control, baseline BMI, and dietary GI. A low GI diet resulted in small but significant improvements in total body weight, BMI, LDL, and total cholesterol, although no individual control diet differed significantly from a low GI diet. Studies in subjects with normal blood glucose levels who achieved a GI difference of 20 points or greater resulted in greater reductions in body weight (SMD = -0.26, 95% CI: -0.43, -0.09) and total cholesterol (SMD = -0.24). ; 95% CI: −0.42, −0.05) than studies that achieved only a small reduction in GI. Low GI diets, particularly diets that achieved a substantial reduction in GI, were moderately effective in reducing body weight.

2.133. Effects of walnut supplementation on dietary changes for weight loss: a secondary analysis of the HealthTrack randomized controlled trial

EP Neal^1,2, L. C. Tapsell^1,2, A.Martin^1,2, M. Batterham³, C. Wibisono¹and Y. Probst^1,2

A more careful selection of each food can be beneficial for weight loss. Incorporating a healthy food into an overall eating plan can help uncover the effects of individual foods. This study aimed to investigate the effects of including nuts as a dietary supplement in weight loss diets. We performed a secondary analysis of the HealthTrack Lifestyle Intervention Study. Overweight and obese participants were randomized to usual care (C), interdisciplinary intervention including individual dietary counseling (I), or interdisciplinary intervention including 30 g walnuts/day (IW). Changes in body weight, energy intake, and intake of key foods were assessed over three and twelve months. The data were available forNorte= 293 participants at three months andNorte= 175 at 12 months. At three months, the IW group achieved the greatest weight loss (Page= 0.012, compared to C) and reported greater improvements in healthy staple choices such as fruit and a reduction in food/drink choices compared to C (Page= 0.043 yearsPage= 0.022). Weight loss remained greater in IW at 12 months (Page= 0.028 compared to C). This study showed that including staple foods like nuts in a customized eating plan can promote desired dietary changes and weight loss.

2.134. The Association Between Food Preference and Diet Quality in a Cohort of Victorian Young Adults

H. Pnosamy, K. Livingstone, L. Riddell, and S. Cicerale

A small number of studies have shown that the way you like or dislike a food is related to certain food choices. People with higher tastes for fatty, sweet, and salty foods tend to consume them in larger amounts than those with lower tastes. No study has examined food taste and its relationship to a general measure of diet nutritional adequacy (diet quality). The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the relationship between food taste and nutritional quality. Participants were recruited from Deakin University in Melbourne. An online questionnaire was used to collect information about participants' demographics, tastes, and food consumption. Pearson correlations were used to study the relationship between food preference and diet quality. Participant (Norte= 1962, age = 21.3 ± 23.3, female = 74.8%) completed the study. Results showed positive, significant, small, and moderate relationships between staple food preferences (pooled) (r=0.15,Page< 0.001), grains (r= 0,30,Page< 0.001), vegetables (r = 0.21,Page< 0.001) and fruit (r = 0.18,Page< 0.001) and diet quality. Small, significant negative relationships were also found between liking for any food (pooled) (r = −0.23,Page< 0.001), animal proteins (r = −0.12,Page< 0.001), dairy products (r = −0.05,Page< 0.001) and diet quality. In conclusion, associations were found between preferences for staple and other foods and diet quality, although the relationships were weak.

2.135. Asthma medication use in obese and healthy asthmatics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

C Thompson, S Eslick, B Berthon, and L Wood

Obesity is a common comorbidity in asthma, associated with poorer asthma control, more frequent and severe exacerbations, and reduced response to asthma pharmacotherapy. This review uses meta-analysis to examine differences in asthma medication use between obese and healthy asthmatics. Relevant studies up to April 2018 were identified and eligible studies assessed medication use and body mass index in adults with asthma. Obese asthmatics are more likely to use most classes of asthma medications, including oral corticosteroids [odds ratio (OR): 1.76; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.02;Page<0.001], long-acting β-agonists (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.23; 2.24;Page< 0,001), inhalative Kortikosteroide (OR: 1,35; 95 % KI: 1,14, 1,59;Page< 0,001), Leukotrienrezeptorantagonisten (OR: 1,36; 95 % KI: 1,17, 1,60;Page< 0.001), short-acting β-agonists (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.73;Page= 0,005) und Anticholinergika (OR: 1,62; 95 % KI: 1,16; 2,24;Page= 0.004) compared to healthy weight asthmatics. The dose of inhaled corticosteroids was also significantly increased in asthmatics due to obesity (mean difference (95% CI): 166.92 (86.06–247.77) µg/day;Page<0.001). Our review and meta-analysis support the hypothesis that obesity is associated with reduced response to asthma pharmacotherapy by providing evidence that obese asthmatics are more likely to use higher dose asthma medications.

2.136. The effects of macronutrients on the bronchodilator response in asthma

c thompson¹, B. Berthon¹, H Scott¹, P. Gibson¹, P. Young², B.Oliver²and L. Wood¹

Obesity in asthma is associated with worsening symptoms despite increased use of asthma medications, including bronchodilators. Our aim was to investigate the effect of dietary macronutrient overload on the airway response of obese and non-obese asthmatics to the bronchodilator salbutamol. This was a randomized crossover study of acute nutrition in 23 adult asthmatics (Norte= 12 not obese,Norte= 11 obese). Subjects fasted overnight and were not given any asthma medication prior to the three study visits. The subjects completed a hypertensive challenge ending with the administration of 200 mcg of salbutamol. Subjects then consumed one of three isocaloric meals fortified with saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or simple carbohydrates (CHO). Spirometry was performed 2, 3 and 4 hours after the meal. After salbutamol and each meal, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) (L) improved in non-obese subjects at 2, 3 and 4 h. However, after the meal high in SFA, obese subjects showed no improvement in FEV.₁(L) and had an attenuated forced vital capacity (FVC) (L) over the 4 h period. In obese asthmatics alone, the post-meal bronchodilator response was significantly lower in SFA compared to CHO (∆FEV1(L),Page= 0.004). Therefore, an SFA-rich meal suppressed salbutamol recovery in obese asthmatics.

2.137. Association between BMI and taste for food in Thai and Australian young adults

U. Wanich¹, L. Riddell², D. Sayompark³, M. Mohebbi⁴, S.Cicerale¹, G. Liem¹y R.S.J. kest¹

A person's taste in food can be linked to Body Mass Index (BMI) due to its influence on food consumption. This study examines the association between BMI and food taste in young adults from Australia and Thailand. Data on food preference were collected through an online food preference questionnaire (FLQ) and preference scores for preference and general preference for grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, animal proteins, vegetable proteins, fats and oils, sweet foods, and salty foods raised , and alcohol. The relationship between like scores and BMI (calculated from self-reported height and weight) was assessed using linear regression models that included country and gender. The data was available fromNorte= 4161 participants (BMI = 22.23 ± 0.06, age = 20.62 ± 07 years, female = 71.5%, Thai = 52.5%). Significant differences in food preference scores were observed between gender and country (Page<0.001). The only significant association with BMI was animal protein preferences (ß = 0.19 [0.11, 0.28],Page<0.001), with higher taste associated with higher BMI. No other associations between food taste and BMI were observed. This study shows little evidence of an association between food preference and BMI, but cultural and gender differences in preference were evident. This data will be used in future studies examining the relationship between taste and food intake.

2.138. Supermarket food and drink spending as a proxy for consumption is a crucial part of a national food and nutrition monitoring and surveillance system

P. Atieo

A long-standing goal of public health information in Australia has been the establishment of a national food and nutrition surveillance and surveillance system. Information on eating behavior and nutritional status is provided by rare national diet surveys, but a reliable data source that can monitor trends in apparent consumption is a crucial but missing part of the nutrition information landscape. Since 2014, ABS has been collecting Transaction Data (TD) to measure price change for the Consumer Price Index. Each food item in the DT was coded using the AUSNUT 2011-13 database. The share of spending on selected food groups (of total food and drink spending) is used as a proxy for relative consumption. The ABS Household Expenditure Survey 2015-16 was used to calibrate spending ratios to account for differences in the willingness to buy certain foods in supermarkets. The results show time trends, such as B. Spending cuts on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and a socioeconomic gradient consistent with consumption data observed in the survey data. A timely and continuous data source based on TD has the potential to report trends and patterns in several key food groups with positive and negative risk factors, such as fruits, vegetables, milk, nuts, processed meats, sugary drinks and sweets.

2.139. Usual intakes of trans fats by Australian adults in 2011–12

K. Bathroom door¹, D. Mackerras¹, T. Hambridge¹, J. Boorman¹y S. Atyeo²

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the population's intake of trans fats should be less than 1% of energy per day. Because heart disease is the primary concern of this nutrient, "per day" refers to long-term measured intake rather than a single day's worth. Data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-12 was used to describe the distribution of trans fats, expressed as % energy, for adults 19 years and older calculated in three different ways. When calculated using only Day 1, the average of the two days of available data or the NCI method, the 95th percentile intake decreased from 1.3 to 1.1 to 0.9% energy for both males and females. The proportion with intakes above the WHO criteria for day 1 alone was 12.7% (men), 11.9% (women) and according to the NCI method 1.9% (men) and 1.1% ( Women). These results underscore the importance of reconciling the data and analytical methodology with the basis on which the health-based benchmark was established in order to properly assess the risks associated with short-term or long-term health effects.

2,140. Assessing food affordability in Illawarra using two healthy food basket surveys

K.Charlton¹, P. Frean¹, K. Walton¹und A. Lee²

The biannual Illawarra Healthy Food Basket (IHFB) survey has assessed the affordability of a food basket at a cost of between 27% and 35% of household income (HH) since 1999. For comparability between countries, use of the Australian Food Price Affordability Survey (ASAP) of Healthy Diets is suggested. Our aim was to assess the affordability of healthy food baskets for households in Illawarra, New South Wales using the IHFB and ASAP survey tools. The May 2017 IHFB survey (57 points) measured food prices from supermarkets, butchers and greengrocers in five suburbs from three socioeconomic classes. The concurrent ASAP survey (44 points) also included liquor, fast food and take-out items. Basket costs were compared to median household income and benefits for a reference family of four to determine affordability. Both surveys showed that a healthy food basket was unaffordable for households dependent on welfare, as the cost exceeded 30% of household income. For middle-income households, the cost of a healthy basket identified by the IHFB and ASAP surveys accounted for 25% and 21% of income, respectively. Strategies for accessing adequate and nutritious food are needed to ensure food security for vulnerable groups.

2.141. Vegetarian diet patterns and their relationship to inflammatory and immune biomarkers: systematic review and meta-analysis

J.C. Craddock, Y.C. Probst, EP. Neale and G.E. Pueblos

Dietary patterns with significant proportions of energy from plant sources have been associated with favorable biomarkers of low-grade inflammation. Less well known is the association between “vegetarian” diets and markers of inflammation and immune status. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO, CRD42016039043; 12 May 2016) aimed to determine the relationship between vegetarian diet patterns and inflammatory and immune markers. The scientific databases PubMed, Medline and Cochrane were searched. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to determine the weighted mean difference (WMD) for each outcome variable (C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), fibrinogen, natural killer cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, interleukins, and immunoglobulins ) between vegetarian and non-vegetarian study groups. Thirty observational and ten intervention studies were included in the review. Pooled effects of vegetarian diets were associated with significantly lower CRP concentrations (WMD -0.61 mg/L [-0.91, -0.32)Page= 0,001], Fibrinogen (WMD −0,22 g/L [−0,41, −0,04]Page= 0.02) and total leukocytes (WMD −0.62 × 10³/μl) [−1,13, −0,10]Page= 0.02) compared to those following non-vegetarian dietary patterns in observational studies. Insufficient data were identified for a meta-analysis of intervention studies. This study provides evidence for associations between vegetarian dietary patterns and low serum concentrations of CRP, fibrinogen and total leukocytes.

2.142. Electronic tools to support and verify healthy food environments

M. Crino, A.-M. Healy, E. Munn, B. Tang, T. O’Connell, W. Croning, S. Chang und M. Cobcroft

Dietary environments in Australia are dominated by unhealthy options, contributing to poor diet and risk of chronic disease. In 2017, NSW Health introduced a healthy food and drink policy that applies to grocery stores in healthcare facilities. The main obstacles to the implementation of the above policies include a lack of systematic monitoring and reporting, and insufficient support for implementation. To monitor and report on the achievement of healthy food and drink offerings for staff and visitors, NSW Health has developed a mobile application tool to collect data linked to a food and drink database and reporting system. The tool is designed for users with limited nutritional knowledge who can complete the audit in less than 30 minutes. Implementation is also supported by an online food and beverage search tool that allows users to easily find and offer healthier options. These tools enable the implementation and auditing of food and drink offerings in NSW Health grocery stores, including cafes and vending machines, against a set of 13 food and drink practices, one of which is the elimination of sugary drinks. Adoption of the instruments provides a standardized approach to the annual government review, enhancing accountability and policy implementation.

2.143. The FIFO Nutritionists: Teaching healthy eating and cooking skills to students at Foodbank WA's Food Sensations in regional and outlying areas of WA^®program

F. Foulkes-Taylor und L. Thorne

Healthy Eating for All by Foodbank WA (FBWA)^®(HFFA) delivers the Food Sensations^®(FS), which is available free of charge to all schools registered with the School Breakfast Program (SBP). FS sessions include interactive activities to teach children key nutritional principles and hands-on cooking workshops to improve cooking skills, knowledge and confidence. Since the development of the HFFA regional strategy in 2010, FBWA public health nutritionists have traveled more than 70,000 miles to regional and remote schools across WA to provide FS to more than 8,000 children from Wyndham to Albany and every region in between. The planning process for a regional FS trip requires months of organization that requires meticulous attention to detail but allows for flexibility and strong communication between HFFA staff, regional partners and schools. The HFFA regional team faces many challenges in delivering a successful trip, including creating a standard program for each region and audience, and coordinating logistical details such as flights, car rentals, bulk bookings and accommodations. Capacity building through training of relevant stakeholders is a key strategy to improve the longevity of our health messages and encourage continued nutrition education in schools and communities now that the regional team has returned to Perth.

2.144. Parental attitudes and demand for the availability of healthy food options on children's menus in full-service restaurants

K. Freeman¹and T Lawlis²

Childhood obesity is a public health problem and eating out in restaurants contributes to this epidemic. This study aimed to understand parental attitudes and demand for healthy food on children's restaurant menus. The study consisted of two parts. Part One: Developing a Healthier and Commercially Viable Children's Menu. Part Two: 828 parents or carers of children aged 2 to 16 from Canberra, Australia completed an online quantitative survey. A chi-square analysis was performed to determine the relationships between healthy food preferences and demographics. There was a significant reduction in the mean ± SD energy content of the main courses from the old to the new menu (2028.4 ± 679.1 kJ vs. 1333.9 ± 528.3 kJ,Page<0.05). From the overall sample, 637 parents/carers indicated that the availability of healthy foods on a children's menu is important to them (Page<0.05). Four of the five new and healthier menu items were chosen frequently (47-74%) by parents, and all five menu items were rated as healthy by >90% of parents/carers. Parents reported a positive attitude and demand for healthy foods on children's menus in restaurants. Increasing the availability of healthy foods on children's menus will help improve the health of Australian children.

2.145. The benefits of high DHA fish oil in human nutrition

SG Fard¹, F.I. Wang², AJ Sinclair³, G. Elliott¹and G.M. Turchini⁴

Fish oils contain high but variable levels of omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although the two fatty acids have traditionally been considered together, different physiological effects of EPA and DHA have recently been reported. The aim is to highlight the effects of fish oils high in DHA on various human health conditions. To retrieve relevant studies for this review, a search strategy was performed using Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and EMBASE. A total of 113 studies, including human studies, follow-up studies and animal studies, were reported and analyzed separately. DHA, unlike EPA, appears to play important roles in the heart and cardiovascular system, brain and visual function, inflammation and immune function, and growth/body mass index. With respect to age, important differences in potential physiological responses to increased dietary DHA administration have been reported. Very different roles and effects have been identified in infants, adults, and the elderly. This presentation will generate a much more detailed understanding of the need for DHA in different age groups for different medical aspects that will have a big impact in both the research sector and the industrial sector.

2.146. The shape of the distribution of vitamin A nutrient intake could change over time

A table¹, T. Hambridge²and D. Mackeras²

A challenge in estimating habitual nutrient intakes in populations using a small number of days of respondent data is the shape of the underlying distribution. In the 1995 National Nutrition Survey, distributions of vitamin A intake were skewed, so they were logarithmically transformed to estimate longer-term intake. We investigated whether this also applies to the 2011–12 National Survey of Nutrition and Physical Activity. We calculated vitamin A intake using only the day 1 and day 2 fitting method using the non-transformed data and after taking the natural logarithm. We compare them to the Australian Bureau of Statistics results using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method, which selects the most appropriate data transformation. The results for children aged 14 to 18 years were typical for other age and sex groups. The mean (5th and 95th percentile) for day 1 alone was 754 (114, 2166) µg RE and for the NCI method was 753 (426, 1177) µg RE. The results for second day untransformed fitted data were 754 (470, 1380) µg RE compared to 564 (236, 1067) µg RE after logarithmic transformation. In the 2011–12 survey, the logarithmic transformation does not appear to be preferred.

2.147. Availability and price of healthier diet options and association with obesity prevalence among New Zealand Maori

R. Jani¹, E. Rush², N. Thief³and D Simmons⁴

Examining the availability and price of healthier foods compared to their regular counterparts and their association with obesity. A cross-sectional Maori weight and height survey was conducted in two urban and 96 rural areas in the districts of Waikato/Lakes, New Zealand. The availability of 11 "healthier" foods in fast food outlets was studied by location and income. In supermarkets, five specific "regular" foods were compared to their "healthier" counterparts (white bread vs. whole grain bread, skinned vs. skinless chicken, regular vs. trimmed meat, standard vs. trimmed milk, and sugary drinks vs. fresh meat). water) for in-store availability and price according to the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey. A total of 3,817 Maori (BMI: female: 32.9 ± 7.8 kg/m²; Men: 33.1 ± 6.7 kg/m²) were recorded with 451 grocery stores in two urban conglomerates and 698 grocery stores in 96 rural conglomerates. Fast Food: The availability of healthier food options for 8/11 items was higher in low-income and rural areas than in high-income and urban areas. In the multivariate analysis, location and income were considered as cofactors. No association was observed between the number of fast food outlets/group and healthier foods/group with the prevalence of obesity (total/Maori BMI cut-off values). Supermarkets: water was cheaper than sugary drinks and was negatively associated with the prevalence of obesity (overall r = −0.53,Page= 0.03; Maori-r = –0.53,Page= 0.03); High availability scores for trimmed milk compared to standard milk were correlated with a higher prevalence of obesity (overall r = 0.49,Page= 0.04; Maori-r = 0.57,Page= 0.01). Bottled water prices compared to sugary drinks were inversely associated with obesity. This supports the argument to regulate the availability and price of sugary drinks in New Zealand.

2.148. The social impact of food insecurity among lone parent families in Western Australia

N. Philippson¹, P. Chang¹, A. Devine²and T Lawlis³

The present study examined the lived experience of food insecurity in lone parent families in Western Australia. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten single parents who had an elementary school-aged child and had received food assistance in the previous 12 months. An interpretive phenomenological approach was used to analyze the transcripts by theme. Problems with domestic violence, in-group and out-of-group behavior, and mental health issues were reported. Domestic violence generated fear of the outside world and social isolation. Access to food aid was problematic, leading to frustration and anger towards government agencies, family members and other community members. Differing entitlements contributed to prejudice against other food aid users. Expectations of a perfect family and perceived pressure to maintain an illusion of normalcy contributed to parental anxiety and depression. As a result, children in food-insecure households were at risk of eating disorders, increased absenteeism from school, inability to participate in required field trips and school activities, and extracurricular sporting and social activities. Food insecurity is an emerging public health problem; This study provided participants with an opportunity to express personal thoughts and feelings about their experiences of food insecurity.

2.149. Correlates of mealtime sugar-sweetened beverage intake in Australian young adults

R. M. Leech, F. J. Pendergast, A. Worsley und S. A. McNaughton

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major source of excess caloric intake in young adults, however little is known about the correlations of SSB intake with eating opportunities (EOs) in English). This study examines the individual and situational correlates of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption using a real-time assessment of OE in young adults. Diet and socio-demographic data were collected during the Measurement of Eating in Everyday Living (MEALS) study (Norte= 680 adults, 18-30 years). Participants reported all food and drink consumed on 3 or 4 non-consecutive days using a smartphone food journal app. Situational characteristics (place of eating and shopping, presence of others and activities during the meal) were recorded for each EO. Associations of individual and situational characteristics with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in essential oils were analyzed using multi-level logistic regression. Of the 2,439 EO-containing beverages reported by SSB consumers (Norte= 283), 483 (20%) contained SSB. Having less than tertiary education (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.53 [1.16, 2.01]) and buying beverages at a convenience store versus a supermarket/grocery store (4.57 [2, 84, 7,35]) have been associated with SSB recording. In conclusion, the use of SSB was associated with individual and situational factors. Future research should investigate how SSB-containing EOs differ from other beverage EOs in terms of accompanying foods.

2,150. Assessment of thyroid function and urinary iodine levels in pregnant Chinese women

M. Li, L. Yang, X. Yang and H. Jiang

The aim was to evaluate thyroid function and urinary iodine levels of pregnant women at different stages in China. Plasma samples were obtained from pregnant women participating in the China Surveillance of Chronic Diseases and Nutrition in Adults in 2015. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by an arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometric method. Plasma levels of thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) were determined using an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay analyzer. UIC was analyzed in a total of 6173 urine samples from pregnant women residing in different regions of China, whose median UIC was 146 μg/L. After TPOAb and TGAb were exclusively positive, a total of 2097 plasma samples collected from pregnant women in three trimesters in China were tested for TSH, FT3 and FT4 levels, then the prevalence of various types of abnormal thyroid function and the normal prevalence were evaluated. The normal thyroid function rate for this cohort was greater than 85%. The most common type of thyroid dysfunction identified was subclinical hypothyroidism, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 6.8%. Compared to the 2010 nutritional surveillance, the iodine status of pregnant Chinese women is generally adequate.

2.151. Comparison of two dietary screening tools to identify dietary risks in patients with AIDS and hepatitis C

Q. Lu and Y. Sun

Malnutrition is an important factor affecting the development of AIDS and hepatitis C. The aim of the study was to examine nutritional status and to compare two nutritional screening tools in patients with different diseases. A cross-sectional study was conducted using MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment) and NRI (Nutritional Risk Index). The diagnostic criteria BMI < 18.5 or WL % > 5 % or ALB concentration < 35 g/L are considered the gold standard. A total of 153 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of patients at nutritional risk in AIDS patients was 10.0% in MNA, 11.8% in hepatitis C patients, and 20.0% in AIDS patients with hepatitis C infection. According to the NRI, the prevalence was 10.0%, 17.7% and 15.6%, respectively. Diagnostic test results in AIDS patients were an area under the recipient operating characteristic curve of 0.674 for MNA and 0.502 for NRI; in patients with hepatitis C 0.868 for MNA and 0.531 for NRI; and in AIDS patients with hepatitis C infection, 0.654 for MNA and 0.760 for NRI. MNA could be a better screening tool than NRI to detect risk in patients with hepatitis C.

2.152. Is a meta-analysis always the best summary of evidence?

D. Mackerras

Meta-analysis is a weighted average and a common way to summarize data from a literature review. Two situations where this is problematic are when the authors do not present the results in a common format and when there is a non-linear dose-response. To update several previous systematic reviews and government reports, a PubMed search was conducted in December 2016 to identify studies linking the concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in maternal or umbilical cord blood and infant birth weight. An existing meta-analysis included only studies that expressed results as a linear association. Two of the eight new studies could be added, reducing the effect size from -18.9 to -11.9 g/ng/ml PFOA. Studies that could not be included in the meta-analysis typically analyzed data using a log-linear curve, and a plateau was observed in several studies. Consequently, there was a significant discrepancy between the results observed at higher concentrations and those extrapolated from the meta-analysis. Another set of studies only allowed us to assess the direction of the association or were simply reported as "not significant". This underscores the need to carefully review all studies that meet the inclusion criteria and not exclude studies that meet the inclusion criteria but do not readily fit into a meta-analysis.

2.153. Estimating the energy content of larger portions using a portion size questionnaire

I Blair¹, M. Decano², M. Adamski¹, SJ Gibson¹, H. Rohre¹, M. Reid³, MBE living stone⁴und T. A. McCaffrey¹

Food portion sizes (PS) have increased in recent decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutritional knowledge (NK) and the ability to estimate energy content (kJ) from food photos. Participants were recruited through Monash University's Food as Medicine MOOC and Snowball. Participants completed an online portion size questionnaire (PSQ) that assessed their ability to estimate the energy content of a "large" portion of eight meals (kJ of a "standard" portion were provided). NK was measured using objective and subjective measures, including validated questions. Participant (Norte= 1,440, 86% female) were between 25 and 34 years old (25%), were born in Australia (37%) and had a bachelor's degree or higher (30%). The objective (median 90%) and subjective NK (median 80%) were high, but performance on the PSQ (median 50%) was low. There was no correlation between objective NK and PSQ scores (r = 0.039,Page= 0.135). Subjective NC correlated weakly with PSQ scores (r = 0.069,Page= 0.009). The high target NC did not lead to a better estimate of the energy content of the portions. Strategies to reduce energy consumption may be better aimed at addressing portion size regulations in the hospitality industry than at trying to increase consumer awareness of portion sizes and their energy content.

2.154. Assessing dietary sodium intake using dietary assessment versus 24-hour urine: a systematic review of the literature

R. M. McLean¹, V. L. Farmer¹, A. Nettleton¹, CM. Cameron¹, N. R. Cook²y NRC campbell³

Although dietary assessment methods are commonly used in epidemiological studies, 24-hour urine (24 h) is generally considered to be a more accurate measure of dietary sodium intake. This systematic literature review examines whether 24-hour diet reminders, food logs, and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are reliable and valid methods to measure usual dietary sodium intake. We included studies that compared methods of dietary assessment and 24-hour urine collection to assess sodium intake in the same participants. The results of 20 studies using 24-hour food reminders, 10 studies using food logs, and 18 studies using FFQ were reviewed. The design and statistical analysis varied widely between studies. Reported correlations between estimates were generally low, ranging from 0.16 to 0.72 for 24-hour food reminders, 0.11 to 0.49 for diet records, and -0.10 to 0.36 for FFQs. Only three studies reported a Bland-Altman analysis, and all showed poor agreement between 24-hour urine and food excretion measurements. Validation studies of dietary assessment methods generally show poor agreement with 24-hour urinary excretion to measure dietary sodium intake. Robust information from validation studies is important to understand the limitations of specific nutritional assessment methods.

2.155. Contribution of food groups to annual sodium purchases among Discovery Vitality health program members

R. Ndanuko¹, S. Peters², J. Wu¹y B.Neal¹

Excessive intake of dietary sodium is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The South African health program Discovery Vitality rewards its members for buying healthy food. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of different food groups to sodium purchases among Discovery Vitality members and to estimate the potential sodium reduction following the implementation of the recently introduced sodium reduction legislation (expected to be implemented June 2015. 2019). Shopping data collected between 2016 and 2017 from two major supermarket chains (Pick 'N Pay and Woolworths supermarkets) was used. Food was classified into 16 groups according to the World Food Watch Group's categorization system. 7440 products with full purchase and nutritional information were available for analysis. A total of 428,184 kg of salt were purchased annually. The food groups that contributed the most to total salt purchases were bread and baked goods; Dairy products; sauces, dressings, spreads and dips; and meat and meat products contribute 21%, 15.4%, 15.4%, and 15.2%, respectively. A further 9.3% reduction in sodium compared to current levels is required to fully meet the mandatory targets. Additional strategies will likely be required to achieve the 30% reduction in salinity recommended by the World Health Organization.

2.156. Understand the nutritional value of anthocyanins

M. Netzel¹, Ah, right²y G.Netzel¹

There is evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies to suggest that higher consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods is associated with a lower risk of heart disease and diabetes. In order to better understand the possible mode of action of these polyphenolic plant pigments, it is necessary to examine their bioavailability and metabolic behavior more closely. Healthy subjects (4-12 in three different studies) received strawberry puree (147 mg anthocyanins/mainly as pelargonidin-3-glucoside), red grape pomace (700 mg anthocyanins/mainly as malvidin-3-glucoside), Queen Garnet plum juice (426 mg anthocyanins /mainly as cyanidin-3-glucoside) or a control without anthocyanins in a randomized crossover design. 24-hour urine samples were collected and analyzed for anthocyanins and metabolites by LC-MS. All studies identified methylated, glucuronidated and sulfated anthocyanins as the main metabolites (total excretion between 0.18 and 1.1% of the ingested dose). In addition, urinary hippuric acid (microbial metabolite) was significant (Page<0.05) increased after consumption of test diet (1.8- to 4.5-fold vs. control). The results of these studies suggest that metabolites, rather than "native" fruit anthocyanins, are likely the bioactive compounds in vivo. However, further human studies focusing on the metabolites/breakdown products generated by the gut microbiota are warranted.

2.157. Changes in dietary fiber intake and sources during adolescence with associated familial factors

O.G. Sauber¹, M. Kilpatrick¹, M. Breslin¹, T. O'Sullivan²and W.H. Rare¹

Fiber is essential to a healthy diet; However, data on intake, sources and associated family factors among Australian youth is limited. Dietary fiber intake, as determined by the food frequency questionnaire, was assessed in adolescents from the Western Australia (Raine) Pregnancy Cohort Study aged 14 years (Norte= 1626 (835 men)) and 17 years (Norte= 836 (405 men)) follow-ups. Differences in dietary fiber intake with age and gender were calculated using chi-square tests andt-testing. Correlations of familial factors with dietary fiber intake were determined using mixed model analysis. Dietary fiber intake decreased from 24.29 g/day at age 14 to 22.96 g/day at age 17 (Page< 0.001), and the amount of dietary fiber consumed per MJ (2.60 g/MJ to 2.52 g/MJ,Page= 0.006). Dietary fiber intake was lower in women aged 14 and 17 than in men (Page< 0.001 for both). Dietary fiber intake per MJ was higher in females than in males at both time points (Page< 0.001 for both). In the multivariate analysis, male gender, poor family functioning, and non-Caucasian race were associated with low fiber intake. Higher parental education and higher energy intake were associated with higher fiber intake. These results will guide further research on dietary fiber and identify those that would benefit most from public health interventions.

2.158. Comparison of average salt intake from current surveys (2011 to 2017) with estimates from 2010 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study

S.R. Tu¹, ALREADY. saints², B. McKenzie², K.Trieu², R. McLean³and J Webster²

In 2013, the World Health Organization recommended that all countries reduce salt consumption by 30% by 2025. In the same year, a Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study produced 2010 estimates of national salt consumption of salt for 187 countries using the Bayesian model. This study aimed to systematically review studies that measured nationally representative salt intake using 24-hour urine collection from the GBD study. Electronic databases were searched from 2011 to 2017. Two review authors assessed eligibility for the study based on pre-established criteria. Measured salt intake was extracted and compared to GBD estimates. Ten studies with data from 11,404 adult participants were included. Four studies were from Europe and one each from the United States, Canada, Benin, India, Samoa and New Zealand. Mean daily salt intake ranged from 7.09 g/day in Samoa to 10.66 g/day in Portugal. Average salt intake measured from recent surveys in Italy, England and Canada was lower compared to GBD 2010 estimates and higher in Samoa and Benin. The study found that only 10 countries have published nationally representative 24-hour urine salt intake data since 2010, and overall salt levels remain high. Additional global efforts to reduce salt intake and monitor salt strategies are urgently needed.

2.159. An assessment framework for a healthy food and drink policy for staff and visitors in NSW health facilities

H. Trevena^1,2, M.Thomas³, T. O’Connell¹, E. Quinert¹, L. Munn¹, K. Crawley¹, M.Criño¹, AM. Waterproof¹, L. Cranney³und M. Cobcroft¹

In June 2017, NSW Health introduced a healthy food and drink policy for staff and visitors to health centers in New South Wales (NSW) (“Policy”). Provides best practice guidance for NSW healthcare organizations to achieve healthy food and drink in their grocery stores. Evaluating their effectiveness is needed to continually improve implementation and expand healthy food and drink approaches to other settings. This case study describes an assessment framework to assess both the implementation process and the impact of the policy, and also includes context and case studies in preparation for assessing scaling. Guided by a logic model, this is a complicated 2-year evaluation (August 2017 to August 2019) in which different stakeholders have to deliver 12 evaluation components. Study designs and methods include political science-backed policy analysis, qualitative studies with a realistic approach, consumer surveys and food purchase observation, reliability and validity of an electronic tool to audit changes in food and beverage availability, and audit results. Knowing what works, why, when and for whom will make it easier for NSW Health to be a role model to support the rollout of similar policy interventions in other settings that aim to encourage healthy choices as an easy option.